What We’ve Said

What we’ve said about Drug interactions

10 points from 7 episodes, newest first

Also searched as CYP450, CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP2C19

In short

The interactions we worry about most are CYP1A2 effects on clozapine and olanzapine (smoking lowers levels, ciprofloxacin and fluvoxamine raise them), valproate raising lamotrigine, and anything that moves lithium. Carbamazepine's induction problems are reason enough to choose something else.

CYP1A2, smoking and clozapine

  1. Smoking (the burning leaf) induces CYP1A2 and lowers olanzapine and clozapine levels. A patient who did not smoke on the inpatient unit may start again as an outpatient and suddenly the medication is not working as well. Always ask about cigarettes.

    “Any CYP1A2 substrates, smoking, burning leaf has the potential to induce CYP1A2. So it will decrease the levels of olanzapine and clozapine. Important to consider, patient goes inpatient, isn't smoking, then they go outpatient and all of a sudden the medication is not working as much. Always ask if they're smoking cigarettes”
    24:51Antipsychotic Tier List: Ranking the Best and Worst Anti-psychoticsOct 2026
  2. CYP1A2 does most of clozapine's metabolism, with CYP2D6 a lesser pathway. Strong inducers can lower levels by about 50 percent, and the big one is smoking.

    “CYP1A2 is doing the majority of metabolism. The second one, which is a less significant pathway but still impacts levels, is CYP2D6. So for CYP1A2, the strong inducers, which lowers levels like 50%, the big one is smoking”
    40:55Top 10 Things to Know About ClozapineDec 2025
  3. Strong CYP1A2 inhibitors can raise clozapine levels 5 to 10 times. The ones we worry about are ciprofloxacin and fluvoxamine.

    “So strong inhibitors, they can increase levels like 5 to 10 times. they're the big medications we worry about so cipro the antibiotic so there's a real interaction there that can raise levels significantly luvox fluvoxamine”
    42:23Top 10 Things to Know About ClozapineDec 2025
  4. Caffeine and melatonin are both metabolized by CYP1A2, so it is possible they compete there.

    “it is possible that it could be competitive use. I believe of cytochrome 1A2 because both caffeine and melatonin are metabolized by 1A2”
    53:00Sleep Medications Treatment Tier List: Best Insomnia Medications RankedAug 2026

Mood stabilizers

  1. Valproic acid jacks up lamotrigine levels. That is the dangerous combination because of SJS, so halve the lamotrigine whenever you use them together.

    “valproic acid jacks up the levels of lamotrigine. So the way I remember it is when you combine those two medications, it's the dangerous interaction. So increasing lamotrigine is what we're scared of because of SJS. So whenever you're interacting using those medications, you should half the lamotrigine”
    50:18Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder: Lithium, Lamotrigine, Depakote & MoreJul 2026
  2. Lithium is a salt: too much salt pushes lithium out, too little holds more in, and any NSAID holds it in and can even make it toxic.

    “since it's a salt, you eat too much salt, you're going to kick the lithium out. You eat too little salt, you're going to hold more lithium in. You take any NSAID, it's going to hold the lithium in. It can even make it go toxic if you take a lot of it”
    27:43The Best Bipolar Medication Review From The Best Bipolar ExpertJan 2025
  3. Quite a few blood pressure medications interfere with lithium. Tell patients to make sure whoever prescribes their blood pressure medication knows they are on lithium.

    “when it comes to the blood pressure medications, the ones that interfere with lithium, there's actually quite a few. And what I just say is you need to make sure you tell your primary care doctor or whoever prescribes you a blood pressure medication that you're on lithium”
    23:04Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder: Lithium, Lamotrigine, Depakote & MoreJul 2026
  4. Carbamazepine interacts with a huge number of medications and with itself: it induces CYP3A4 and its own metabolism, so it takes forever to reach a level. There are very few patients for whom a different medication is not justified.

    “it's got too many drug-drug interactions, interacts with like a billion different other medications, and it interacts with itself. It's got a personality disorder. I hate it. So it takes forever to get to level”
    52:45Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder: Lithium, Lamotrigine, Depakote & MoreJul 2026
    Also said in 1 more episode
    “it causes SIP3A4 induction, and then it causes auto induction. So it's just, it's really problematic with regards to drug-drug interactions. There's very few patients that you can't justify a different medication rather than using carbamazepine”
    53:08Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder: Lithium, Lamotrigine, Depakote & MoreJul 2026

Antidepressants

  1. Bupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor and can be used to increase the effective dose of aripiprazole.

    “2D6 inhibitor, and thus can be used to increase effective dose of your Abilifying antenna and Aristata, which maxes out at a 15 to 20 milligram daily dose”
    53:43Antidepressant Tier List: Psychiatrists Rank Depression Medications for MDDMay 2026
  2. Escitalopram is broken down mainly by 3A4 and 2C19, and 2C19 has a lot of variants. Sertraline's metabolism is more varied.

    “Zoloft is highly variable in its metabolism, whereas Lexapro is really just broken down by 3A4 and 2C19. I always zone out once I start hearing the SIP stuff, but this is pretty simple. If someone has 2C19, there's a lot of variants”
    10:12Psychiatrist's Guide to Anxiety Medications: First Line to Last ResortJun 2025

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Every point above is something said on the Psychofarm podcast, with the words as spoken and a link to the moment in the episode. It is education, not medical advice, and an episode reflects what we thought when we recorded it.

Educational content only. Everything here is what was said on the Psychofarm podcast, for clinicians. It is not medical advice and not a substitute for clinical judgment, current labeling or guidelines. An episode reflects what we thought when we recorded it, so check anything before you rely on it.