Suicide risk assessment is not a yes-or-no prediction: like an actuary, you grade chronic risk, then acute risk on top of it, formulate where it comes from and pick a treatment plan. Checklists and rapid-fire screening questions replace thinking and teach patients what to say, so ask calmly, in context, and keep asking why. You are liable for the process, not the outcome: do it within the standard of care, document your reasoning, and never discharge someone because it is just borderline.
What it is
The question is not a binary of suicidal or not. Your job is not to predict the future, because you cannot.
“the question is not a binary. It is not a question of, are they suicidal or not? Your job is not to predict the future. You cannot predict the future”
19:32Suicide Risk Assessment: Acute vs Chronic Risk, Formulation, and Suicidal Ideation TypesJun 2026 Think like an actuary rating a driver for car insurance: how dangerous is this person compared with others, and compared with their own baseline, not will they crash.
“What you're doing is you're saying, how dangerous is this driver, generally speaking, compared to the other person? And should we therefore insure them or raise their premium or not insure them”
21:48Suicide Risk Assessment: Acute vs Chronic Risk, Formulation, and Suicidal Ideation TypesJun 2026 Assess chronic risk first, then acute risk on top of it.
“What you're doing is assessing their chronic risk, then based on their, on top of their chronic risk, their acute risk”
22:09Suicide Risk Assessment: Acute vs Chronic Risk, Formulation, and Suicidal Ideation TypesJun 2026 Rational suicidality exists, but the fact that the person is in front of a psychiatrist means the pretest probability is high that it is not purely rational.
“even if there seems to be something rational, the fact that someone is in front of you as a psychiatrist means that the pretest probability is high, that they are not of the variety where it's purely rational”
25:23Suicide Risk Assessment: Acute vs Chronic Risk, Formulation, and Suicidal Ideation TypesJun 2026
How we assess it
First rule: do not be afraid. If you are fearful or anxious about the topic, you will show it to the patient, consciously or not.
“if you are overly fearful or anxious about talking about this topic and thinking about this topic and assessing this topic, you are going to consciously or unconsciously show this to the patient”
12:11Suicide Risk Assessment: Acute vs Chronic Risk, Formulation, and Suicidal Ideation TypesJun 2026 Sum the short-term and long-term risk and protective factors, match them to the kind (or kinds) of suicidal ideation this patient has, then decide on a treatment plan.
“You're looking at short term and long term for risk factors and protective factors. Sum them all up. Align that to your understanding of the variety of suicidal ideation or varieties that this patient has and the treatment options. Then decide on a treatment plan”
47:09Suicide Risk Assessment: Acute vs Chronic Risk, Formulation, and Suicidal Ideation TypesJun 2026 Acute suicidal crisis has five features, and entrapment (feeling trapped, hopeless or stuck) is probably the most important thing you can see in a patient.
“So those five things are entrapment. So if a patient feels trapped or hopeless or that they're stuck in a situation, that to me is actually probably the most important thing that you can see in a patient”
50:04Suicide Risk Assessment: Acute vs Chronic Risk, Formulation, and Suicidal Ideation TypesJun 2026 Hyperarousal means being irritable and activated. That is why bipolar and agitated depressions are the most dangerous treatable conditions for suicide.
“Irritable Being Really Activated That's Why Bipolar And Agitated Depressions Are The Most Dangerous In Terms Of Treatable Medical Conditions Towards Suicidality”
51:15Suicide Risk Assessment: Acute vs Chronic Risk, Formulation, and Suicidal Ideation TypesJun 2026 Your own reaction is data. Watch for a patient who evokes a strong pull to rescue or over-involve yourself, or to detach and give up.
“any patient who evokes a strong pull to either rescue or over-involve yourself, or on the flip side, to detach and just give up on a patient. Those are the two things that he warns about”
52:31Suicide Risk Assessment: Acute vs Chronic Risk, Formulation, and Suicidal Ideation TypesJun 2026 If you are starting out, at least read the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale, a gold standard for collecting the history you need. History is not the same as assessment.
“I would definitely just at least read the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale. That's a pretty good scale, kind of a gold standard scale these days. It really does collect the history that you need. And remember, history is not the same as assessment”
17:54Suicide Risk Assessment: Acute vs Chronic Risk, Formulation, and Suicidal Ideation TypesJun 2026 Be the whiny five-year-old who will not stop asking why. Do not take the first answer for granted.
“as a clinician, you should be comfortable, familiar with being the whiny five-year-old who won't stop asking why. Don't take it for granted already. Once she says, oh, I never sent it and I don't want you to talk to the boyfriend. Ask why”
50:30Involuntary Treatment & Agency, Thoughts and Feelings | Episode 19Mar 2025 Gather more information the higher the stakes and symptoms. When a patient refuses collateral, in many places you can still call someone and listen while saying you can neither confirm nor deny anything about a patient.
“when the stakes are higher, when the symptoms are higher, yeah, we need to be gathering more information and getting more certainty when the stakes are higher and higher”
46:08How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder with Dr. Phelps: Hypomania, Mixed States & the Clues DSM MissesSep 2026 Also said in 1 more episode
“you can't disclose information about her or her care to the boyfriend. But there is, in many places, no law that forbids you from simply calling the boyfriend and saying, hi, I'm Dr. Malzberg. I can neither confirm nor deny any information about a specific patient”
48:55Involuntary Treatment & Agency, Thoughts and Feelings | Episode 19Mar 2025 Once threats are confirmed, the top of the differential is usually substances, personality and mood disorders. With high dangerousness you cannot assess responsibly from one look at a patient.
“So top of the differential usually is substances, personality, and mood disorders. OK, so now you're going to assess for those and you're going to you can't just assess responsibly when there is high dangerousness based on the output statements and behaviors on one look of a patient”
54:06Involuntary Treatment & Agency, Thoughts and Feelings | Episode 19Mar 2025 In the emergency room, risk stratify on case history. You do not need to rule on whether they have a personality disorder.
“when we disposition and we risk stratify cases like that, we're using case history. We don't need to opine on whether or not they have a personality disorder”
20:53Bipolar Misunderstandings, Integrating Biology & Personality, & Broader ConceptualizationsSep 2024
What to do with it
The right response depends on the formulation. Hospitalization can be the best treatment for adjustment-type suicidality and the wrong one for others.
“the correct response to suicidality really depends on the patient. So here, as you're saying, is the best treatment for a patient that has what you're describing, which is an adjustment disorder, is hospitalization”
29:52Suicide Risk Assessment: Acute vs Chronic Risk, Formulation, and Suicidal Ideation TypesJun 2026 If a patient is not at their usual level of risk, consider changing the plan.
“if a patient is not at their normal level of risk based on your assessment, that is a sign to consider changing the treatment plan”
54:24Suicide Risk Assessment: Acute vs Chronic Risk, Formulation, and Suicidal Ideation TypesJun 2026 Escalate care when you see a change from the patient's baseline, or, if you do not know the baseline, when they will not contract for safety or have been planning and preparing.
“if you see a change from the patient's clinical baseline, or if you don't know the patient's clinical baseline and their risk assessment is showing things like they won't contract for safety, they have been planning and preparing things”
1:00:10Suicide Risk Assessment: Acute vs Chronic Risk, Formulation, and Suicidal Ideation TypesJun 2026 At discharge, your job is not to predict the future. It is to practice within the standard of care: assess short-term and long-term dangerousness and recommend treatment.
“when it comes to discharge time, your job is not to predict the future. Your job is to do your job, which is to be practicing within the standard of care. And so you just have to do a risk assessment, right”
56:26Involuntary Treatment & Agency, Thoughts and Feelings | Episode 19Mar 2025 You are liable for a process, not an outcome. Do the assessment within the standard of care and document it.
“What you're ultimately liable for isn't an outcome. It's a process. So what you need to be doing is that you need to be actually doing your assessment process within the standard of care and also documenting it”
56:35Suicide Risk Assessment: Acute vs Chronic Risk, Formulation, and Suicidal Ideation TypesJun 2026 Clozapine is the only medication with an FDA indication for reducing suicide in schizophrenia.
“Clozapine is the only med that gets the FDA nod for suicidal reduction in schizophrenia. It also has... a little special benefit in violence reduction”
9:02Top 10 Things to Know About ClozapineDec 2025
Pitfalls and myths
The majority of completed suicides are not from patients reporting suicidality. Most people who complete suicide have never seen a psychiatrist and usually have never mentioned suicidality at all.
“the majority of completed suicides are not from patients presenting reporting suicidality. Okay, majority of people who complete suicide are actually people who've never even seen a psychiatrist and usually have never mentioned suicidality at all”
6:19Suicide Risk Assessment: Acute vs Chronic Risk, Formulation, and Suicidal Ideation TypesJun 2026 A checklist done blindly is cargo cult psychiatry. A box that stands in for a complex thinking task becomes a symbol that replaces the thinking. It is still standard of care, so understand why the ritual exists.
“if you do it blindly, you're doing cargo cult psychiatry, as I've in the early episodes had the tendency to refer to. We can't simply do the ritual. We have to understand where the ritual comes from and why it's done”
8:29Suicide Risk Assessment: Acute vs Chronic Risk, Formulation, and Suicidal Ideation TypesJun 2026 Also said in 1 more episode
“if you create a box that forces people to do something that properly is a complex thinking task, then it replaces the complex thinking task because it becomes a symbol in place of the actual process”
10:23Suicide Risk Assessment: Acute vs Chronic Risk, Formulation, and Suicidal Ideation TypesJun 2026 Rapid-fire screening questions teach patients that answering the expected way gets them discharged.
“it's actually really doing a lot of danger because it teaches patients that like if I want to get discharged in the hospital I just have to answer these questions the way I know they expect to be answered and then I'm done”
13:54Suicide Risk Assessment: Acute vs Chronic Risk, Formulation, and Suicidal Ideation TypesJun 2026 Walking up and opening with any thoughts of hurting yourself or others puts patients on the defensive. Coming at it less directly lets you see how they think, unguided by their defenses.
“I've seen a lot of novice providers go up to patients, especially like in the emergency room and go like, Any thoughts are hurting yourself or hurting other people. And the person obviously is going to get defensive and blocked down”
8:24Psychiatric Technique for Diagnostic Interviewing and Therapy: 6 Mantras Every Clinician Should KnowApr 2026 Also said in 1 more episode
“a resident, you go to start an interview with a resident and they go up to the patient and they go like, are you being suicidal? And then that's going to activate defenses”
34:16Lessons from Forensic Psychiatry: Insanity Defense, Subtle Patients and CulpabilityApr 2025 A risk factor means different things in different settings. In the ER, 15 prior attempts sounds very high risk but says little about the patient in front of you.
“in the emergency room, if a patient has 15 suicide attempts, it sounds like that they're super high risk, but it doesn't actually indicate anything about risk for the patient in front of you”
7:42Suicide Risk Assessment: Acute vs Chronic Risk, Formulation, and Suicidal Ideation TypesJun 2026 Never discharge because it is just borderline or just narcissism. Borderline personality disorder carries elevated risk of completed suicide. It may be a less serious risk factor than agitated psychosis with command hallucinations, but it is a risk factor.
“patients with borderline personality disorder are at an elevated risk compared to patients without borderline personality disorder of completing suicide”
49:09Suicide Risk Assessment: Acute vs Chronic Risk, Formulation, and Suicidal Ideation TypesJun 2026 Also said in 2 more episodes
“some people think once they get a whiff of personality, a whiff of borderline personality disorder, or a whiff of narcissism, then all the other stuff is explained away and the person can be discharged, which is... ridiculous”
57:26Involuntary Treatment & Agency, Thoughts and Feelings | Episode 19Mar 2025 “It is a risk factor. It's just not as serious of a risk factor as perhaps severe, agitated psychosis with command auditory hallucinations to make suicide, right”
21:57Bipolar Misunderstandings, Integrating Biology & Personality, & Broader ConceptualizationsSep 2024 Do not argue risk with an agitated patient. Some sincerely, and truly at that moment, are not dangerous, and then kill themselves or hurt someone within 24 hours of release.
“There are patients who will genuinely believe that And it will be true at the time of the interview that they are not dangerous in some fashion. And then they will go kill themselves or hurt somebody else within 24 hours of release”
49:27Handling Difficult Situations in Psychiatry: ADHD Evaluations, Benzo Requests, Disability Claims, and Involuntary AdmissionsOct 2025 Example: a surgeon asked for a suicidality assessment after a patient, following a painful waking procedure, said something like 'if I have to go through that again, I'm going to kill myself.'
“I was consulted by a surgeon. to assess for suicidality in somebody who just went through some kind of a painful waking procedure and afterwards said something along the lines of, boy, if I have to go through that again, I'm going to kill myself”
16:10Suicide Risk Assessment: Acute vs Chronic Risk, Formulation, and Suicidal Ideation TypesJun 2026 Most states punish the doctor for being lax rather than strict, so you will not go wrong detaining and letting a judge release.
“the majority of states will punish the doctor Okay, punish the doctor for being more lax rather than being more strict in terms of you will not go wrong for involuntary detainment and allowing a judge or judicial officer to release the patient”
55:29Suicide Risk Assessment: Acute vs Chronic Risk, Formulation, and Suicidal Ideation TypesJun 2026
Talking to patients
Asking about self-harm should be standard in every encounter. Say you ask every patient, every visit, and make sure that is true, so no one feels singled out.
“Asking about self-harm is standard. It should be standard in every single encounter with a patient”
16:44When Patients Fall in Love with their Psychiatrist: Sex, Boundaries, Frame, and LiabilityAug 2025 Also said in 1 more episode
“I say, look, I ask this of every patient, every time, every visit, and I really do. I make sure I do because I don't want that to be a lie because it is important to ask”
18:49When Patients Fall in Love with their Psychiatrist: Sex, Boundaries, Frame, and LiabilityAug 2025 Be transparent about how you are thinking about the case, so asking for information does not sound like a threat to lock them away.
“being transparent as to how you're thinking about the case can help the patient understand why you want the information. Not just that if he says you sent the text, then you're going to be locked away forever”
52:24Involuntary Treatment & Agency, Thoughts and Feelings | Episode 19Mar 2025 Being honest with a provider is key to getting better.
“being honest with a healthcare provider of any kind is key for you to actually get better”
14:36Suicide Risk Assessment: Acute vs Chronic Risk, Formulation, and Suicidal Ideation TypesJun 2026 Advise patients on the risk of suicidal ideation and agitation from SSRIs, probably mainly in bipolarity.
“You should be advising patients about risk of suicidal ideation and agitation from SSRIs. Again, this is really primarily probably in bipolarity, but it is a risk”
56:02Lindsay Clancy Trial: A Forensic Psychiatrist Explains Psychosis, Malingering, & the Insanity DefenseSep 2026
From these episodes
- How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder with Dr. Phelps: Hypomania, Mixed States & the Clues DSM MissesSep 2026 · 1 point
- Lindsay Clancy Trial: A Forensic Psychiatrist Explains Psychosis, Malingering, & the Insanity DefenseSep 2026 · 1 point
- Suicide Risk Assessment: Acute vs Chronic Risk, Formulation, and Suicidal Ideation TypesJun 2026 · 23 points
- Psychiatric Technique for Diagnostic Interviewing and Therapy: 6 Mantras Every Clinician Should KnowApr 2026 · 1 point
- Top 10 Things to Know About ClozapineDec 2025 · 1 point
- Handling Difficult Situations in Psychiatry: ADHD Evaluations, Benzo Requests, Disability Claims, and Involuntary AdmissionsOct 2025 · 1 point
- When Patients Fall in Love with their Psychiatrist: Sex, Boundaries, Frame, and LiabilityAug 2025 · 2 points
- Lessons from Forensic Psychiatry: Insanity Defense, Subtle Patients and CulpabilityApr 2025 · 1 point
- Involuntary Treatment & Agency, Thoughts and Feelings | Episode 19Mar 2025 · 6 points
- Bipolar Misunderstandings, Integrating Biology & Personality, & Broader ConceptualizationsSep 2024 · 2 points
Every point above is something said on the Psychofarm podcast, with the words as spoken and a link to the moment in the episode. It is education, not medical advice, and an episode reflects what we thought when we recorded it.