Mood stabilization is king in bipolar disorder: when one mood stabilizer is not enough, the answer is two, not an antipsychotic, and with experience you lean on antidepressants less. They are under-prescribed because of labs and fear of lithium, yet adding one to an antipsychotic regimen, even in schizophrenia, can bring gains nothing else will. They work slowly, so set expectations and play the long game, and remember sleep and routine are mood stabilizers too.
What it is
A mood stabilizer treats or prevents bipolar episodes without flipping someone into the opposite pole.
“That's how I define it. So it treats or prevents episodes of bipolar without flipping someone into the opposite pole”
5:07Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder: Lithium, Lamotrigine, Depakote & MoreJul 2026 The core list: lithium, Depakote, lamotrigine, carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine.
“The ones that I include, I think you might actually include more mood stabilizers in this category. But I consider it's lithium, Depakote, Lamotrigine, carbamazepine, and oxcarbazepine”
7:08Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder: Lithium, Lamotrigine, Depakote & MoreJul 2026 Lamotrigine is the weakest but probably the best tolerated. Lithium is the gold standard. Depakote works great but has problems, especially with male and female fertility.
“Lamotrigine. which is the weakest, but also probably the best tolerated. We have lithium, which is the gold standard, the classic. And we have Depakote. Works great. There are some problems with it, especially with both male and female fertility”
22:51The Best Bipolar Medication Review From The Best Bipolar ExpertJan 2025 Not much is known about how they work, but anything that lowers the excitability of the brain intuitively should have some effect on bipolar disorder.
“The truth is, anything that's going to decrease the excitability of the brain, to me, intuitively, it makes sense. It's going to have some impact on bipolar”
57:30Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder: Lithium, Lamotrigine, Depakote & MoreJul 2026 Mood stabilizers are not only pills. Sleep and diet are mood stabilizers too, and simplified social rhythm therapy is the first-choice one, ahead of lamotrigine and low-dose lithium.
“simplified social rhythm therapy is my number one mood stabilizer and then lamotrigine and low-dose lithium”
42:40How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder with Dr. Phelps: Hypomania, Mixed States & the Clues DSM MissesSep 2026Guest episode Also said in 1 more episode
“When I say mood stabilizers, I'm not saying lithium and Depakote. I'm saying things like sleep. I'm saying things like diet. And framing it that way is so helpful”
12:37Dr. Jim Phelps’ Bipolar Treatment Tier List: Lessons from 30+ Years in PsychiatryJul 2026
When we reach for it
Mood stabilization is king. Labs are a headache and the side effects sound scarier, but do the mood stabilization first.
“mood stabilization is king. Yes, it's much easier for patients to avoid the labs, for you to avoid the headache of the labs, and the side effects sound scarier on mood stabilizers and antipsychotics, but please do the mood stabilization first”
18:52The Best Bipolar Medication Review From The Best Bipolar ExpertJan 2025 If bipolar disorder does not respond to one mood stabilizer, the answer is two mood stabilizers, not an antipsychotic.
“My answer to bipolar disorder is mood stabilizer. My answer to bipolar disorder not responding to one mood stabilizer is not antipsychotic. It's two mood stabilizers. So do not neglect the mood stabilizers”
51:58Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder: Lithium, Lamotrigine, Depakote & MoreJul 2026 The bigger the worry that an antidepressant will make a patient worse, the more a mood-stabilizer-based approach makes sense.
“The biggest one for sure is how likely is it that we're going to make you worse with an antidepressant? And conversely, to the extent that we worry about that, then we think that maybe a mood stabilizer based approach is a better idea”
23:09How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder with Dr. Phelps: Hypomania, Mixed States & the Clues DSM MissesSep 2026Guest episode The mood stabilizers with antidepressant efficacy, the 'three Ls and a Q', named here as lithium, lamotrigine, trazodone and quetiapine.
“Which are the MSAEs? This I thought was where you were going with the Ls. Three Ls and a Q for the mood stabilizers with antidepressant efficacy. I missed trazodone. Lithium, lamotrigine, trazodone, and we have to put quetiapine on there”
50:45Dr. Jim Phelps’ Bipolar Treatment Tier List: Lessons from 30+ Years in PsychiatryJul 2026Guest episode In schizophrenia spectrum disorders with any hint of mood problems on either pole, add a mood stabilizer (A tier): Depakote first for agitation and impulsivity, otherwise lithium. Do it probably even before a second antipsychotic.
“if you have any schizophrenia spectrum disorder and you have any hint of mood problems on either pole, add a mood stabilizer. If it's agitation, probably try Depakote first along with impulsivity. That may help. And if it's anything else, lithium, lithium, lithium”
1:04:34Antipsychotic Tier List: Ranking the Best and Worst Anti-psychoticsOct 2026 Also said in 1 more episode
“So don't be afraid to add a mood stabilizer to your existing antipsychotic regimen, maybe even before and probably even before you add a second antipsychotic, if there are prominent mood features”
1:05:13Antipsychotic Tier List: Ranking the Best and Worst Anti-psychoticsOct 2026 Make a greater effort to add mood stabilizers to long-standing antipsychotic regimens, even dual ones. When indicated, some patients improve in ways the antipsychotic class cannot achieve.
“make a greater effort to add mood stabilizers to antipsychotic regimens, even dual Antipsychotic regimens that people have been on for a long time. If you do that when it's indicated, you are going to find significant improvements in some patients that you just can't achieve using the antipsychotic class”
5:37Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder: Lithium, Lamotrigine, Depakote & MoreJul 2026 Do not be afraid of them as adjuncts beyond bipolar disorder. There is probably a lot of crossover between bipolar disorders, schizophrenia and sometimes OCD, ADHD and autism.
“do not be afraid also to use mood stabilizers. We don't understand these categories as much as we think. And I think the reality is that there's probably a lot of genetic and pathophysiological crossover between the bipolar disorders and the schizophrenia and sometimes OCD, ADHD, autism”
12:36Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder: Lithium, Lamotrigine, Depakote & MoreJul 2026 With recurrent mood episodes and many failed medication trials, make sure there has been a mood stabilizer trial at some point.
“But since learning about that, whenever I've heard a patient has had recurrent mood episodes and I see a lot of the previous medication trials haven't worked, I really make sure that there's been a mood stabilizer trial at some point”
28:59How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder: The Interview Framework That Beats Screening QuestionsFeb 2026 In true bipolar disorder with lingering attention problems, seek mood stabilization first, even without clear mood symptoms.
“Please seek mood stabilization primarily, even if you don't have clear mood symptoms remaining. If you have any problems with the sleep, you might benefit broadly from more mood stabilization or lifestyle changes and different skills”
40:49ADHD Is Not the Only Diagnosis: Differential and Diagnostic HierarchyNov 2025 For acute mania, combine: start a mood stabilizer, knowing it takes time to work, alongside other treatment.
“I usually do a combination treatment. I think of three main things. So the mood stabilizer, I want to solve that and I want to start it. Whatever one we can get on. But I also know that that one's going to take some time to work”
43:10The Best Bipolar Medication Review From The Best Bipolar ExpertJan 2025 In borderline personality disorder, medication can reduce intensity but will not fix the core issue. Keep connecting symptoms to interpersonal problems.
“SSRIs can help with some of the anxiety and the depression. But of course, it's not going to fix the core issue. And one of the big goals of treatment is to be connecting the symptoms to the interpersonal problems”
38:20Treating Borderline Personality Effectively aka How To Be A Good Psychiatrist Through GPMMay 2025
Talking to patients
Lithium usually takes at least two weeks to start working. Many clinicians and patients want instant gratification, so set expectations.
“the onset of effect of lithium takes at least two weeks most of the time. So that's the problem with the mood stabilizers. I think that's why a lot of people don't use them today, because they want instant gratification as a clinician and a patient. You have to set expectations”
35:31Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder: Lithium, Lamotrigine, Depakote & MoreJul 2026 Frame it as the long game: mood stabilizers cut the number of episodes and help both depression and mania, slowly.
“The mood stabilizers decrease the number of episodes. Yes, it helps with depression but it's very slow. Yes, it helps with mania but it's pretty slow. The reason why I find treating bipolar so fun is because you say we're playing the long game”
36:11Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder: Lithium, Lamotrigine, Depakote & MoreJul 2026 Warn patients they may feel tired and depressed at first. Without that warning, they conclude the mood stabilizer is the problem and stop it.
“if you don't tell people that, then it's very normal for them to say, wow, I'm taking this mood stabilizer. I feel tired and depressed. I should stop it”
21:48The Best Bipolar Medication Review From The Best Bipolar ExpertJan 2025 Many choose antipsychotic-only maintenance because it is one pill, and that is their choice. Still ask them to give the mood stabilizers a fighting chance for long-term body and mind health.
“But I say to people with bipolar disorder and to the clinicians, please give the mood stabilizers a fighting chance. You may find that things go better for you body health wise, mind health wise in the long term”
39:10The Best Bipolar Medication Review From The Best Bipolar ExpertJan 2025
Pitfalls and myths
They are under-prescribed. Lithium in particular scares people and its prescription rate has gone down. Think of mood stabilizers more often.
“I do think people should be at least thinking of mood stabilizers more often. You should at least be thinking of mood stabilizers more often. At least in my area, I think they are disgustingly under-prescribed”
1:01:52Lindsay Clancy Case: Biggest Misconceptions After the Mistrial Explained by a Forensic PsychiatristSep 2026 Also said in 1 more episode
“They're not used enough. People don't give it enough of a chance. People aren't using it enough as an add-on in certain conditions. But lithium in particular, I think, scares people. And as a result, the prescription rate has gone down”
10:06Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder: Lithium, Lamotrigine, Depakote & MoreJul 2026 Before treating something as bipolar, look for some evidence of episodes or stark changes in total functioning, not just mood reactivity in relationships.
“I think you really need to have at least some evidence of like a, you know, neurobiological type depression where there's episodes or stark changes in total functioning rather than simple mood or reactivity between human beings, interpersonal issues”
14:58Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder: Lithium, Lamotrigine, Depakote & MoreJul 2026 Matching specific mood stabilizers to bipolar subtypes has an evidence base, but one of us does not subscribe to it and suspects selection bias.
“I acknowledge the evidence-based that suggests those subtypes and those matching medications. We feel the same. I don't really subscribe to it. I feel like it's selection bias”
42:38Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder: Lithium, Lamotrigine, Depakote & MoreJul 2026 Traditional mood stabilizers have not been very helpful in PTSD. Topiramate and gabapentin, not really mood stabilizers, are more usable.
“They've talked about using mood stabilizers. I have not found that to be terribly helpful. Only the non-traditional mood stabilizers, not really mood stabilizers, Topamax and Gabapentin, I think, are more usable”
19:29PTSD Medications: Integrating Pharmacotherapy, Therapy, and the Treatment Frame | Episode 22Apr 2025
Pearls
Bipolar specialists stress mood stabilizers, and the more patients you treat, the less you use antidepressants and the more mood stabilizers become the mainstay.
“whenever you're talking to a bipolar specialist, they emphasize the importance of mood stabilizers. And you'll see as you treat more and more patients, you start to use antidepressants less and you focus the mainstay of treatment on mood stabilizers, mood stabilizers, mood stabilizers”
6:38Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder: Lithium, Lamotrigine, Depakote & MoreJul 2026 Call it whatever you want, but give the right treatment. If a mood stabilizer is helping, maybe they do need one. The bipolar spectrum concept (a major depressive episode, no spontaneous hypomania, plus a first-degree relative with bipolar disorder or antidepressant-induced hypomania) helps explain why.
“I have my usual message, you know, call it whatever you want, but just give the right treatment. And if your mood stabilizer is helping, maybe they do need a mood stabilizer”
54:05The Best Bipolar Medication Review From The Best Bipolar ExpertJan 2025 Also said in 1 more episode
“he defines it as at least one major depressive episode, no spontaneous hypomanic or manic episodes, and then either one of the following, a family history of bipolar and a first-degree relative or antidepressant-induced mania or hypomania”
16:24The Best Bipolar Medication Review From The Best Bipolar ExpertJan 2025 Personality tendencies can look much milder once an untreated mood disorder is treated, so keep reassessing over time.
“they may have those personality tendencies, but without the added weight of a untreated mood disorder, it doesn't really come out with the same severity. So you got to have nuance and you have to monitor or treat and, you know, think over time”
53:38How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder: The Interview Framework That Beats Screening QuestionsFeb 2026 Think twice before treating a mood temperament with a mood stabilizer or an antipsychotic: probably not, but some patients with mood temperaments do develop full-blown mood disorders.
“Do you really want to treat that with a mood stabilizer or an antipsychotic? Probably not, but there is a risk in some patients with mood temperaments that they actually do develop full-blown mood disorders”
1:01:32Diagnostic Hierarchy Explained: Why Patients Get 5 DiagnosesNov 2026Guest episode
It also comes up on
- Bipolar disorderLow-dose lithium works across the whole mood spectrum, and it is least appreciated and most valuable in the middle, sometimes alongside social rhythm therapy or lamotrigine. We are big lamotrigine and low-dose lithium fans.
- OxcarbazepineProbably less efficacious than Depakote, lamotrigine and lithium. At higher doses it may actually beat lamotrigine, and in the right patient it is not that bad.
- LamotrigineWe are big fans of lamotrigine and low-dose lithium. In bipolar I, use lamotrigine as an adjunct to other tools: it does not have enough anti-manic prophylactic value to be monotherapy.
- LamotrigineValproic acid jacks up lamotrigine levels, and rising lamotrigine is what we fear because of SJS. Whenever you combine them, halve the lamotrigine. Better still, avoid the combination, which is a huge pain, and review the protocol carefully if you must.
- LithiumMany people can take a lower daily dose of lithium alongside 200 of lamotrigine, which is much more tolerable than lithium alone.
- Medication monitoringHigh lithium levels guarantee a decline in kidney function; high Depakote levels do not guarantee end-organ damage. With Depakote you mostly watch for low platelets and hyperammonemia.
- Bipolar disorderGabapentin is not a mood stabilizer and does not work alone. It is a relatively safe adjunct for sleep and anxiety while you treat with a real mood stabilizer, and it needs no blood draws.
- Borderline personality disorderWe are against lamotrigine or other mood stabilizers for apparent BPD; we do not believe the small signal from the old UK study.
From these episodes
- Diagnostic Hierarchy Explained: Why Patients Get 5 DiagnosesNov 2026 · 1 point
- Antipsychotic Tier List: Ranking the Best and Worst Anti-psychoticsOct 2026 · 2 points
- How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder with Dr. Phelps: Hypomania, Mixed States & the Clues DSM MissesSep 2026 · 2 points
- Lindsay Clancy Case: Biggest Misconceptions After the Mistrial Explained by a Forensic PsychiatristSep 2026 · 1 point
- Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder: Lithium, Lamotrigine, Depakote & MoreJul 2026 · 12 points
- Dr. Jim Phelps’ Bipolar Treatment Tier List: Lessons from 30+ Years in PsychiatryJul 2026 · 2 points
- How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder: The Interview Framework That Beats Screening QuestionsFeb 2026 · 2 points
- ADHD Is Not the Only Diagnosis: Differential and Diagnostic HierarchyNov 2025 · 1 point
- Treating Borderline Personality Effectively aka How To Be A Good Psychiatrist Through GPMMay 2025 · 1 point
- PTSD Medications: Integrating Pharmacotherapy, Therapy, and the Treatment Frame | Episode 22Apr 2025 · 1 point
- The Best Bipolar Medication Review From The Best Bipolar ExpertJan 2025 · 7 points
Every point above is something said on the Psychofarm podcast, with the words as spoken and a link to the moment in the episode. It is education, not medical advice, and an episode reflects what we thought when we recorded it.