Stimulants improve executive function, but a fast, big effect is usually a drug effect, not treatment, and they are probably highly overprescribed. Prescribe only with medical evidence that the main problem is neurodevelopmental, look hard for bipolar disorder, trauma and mood problems first, and be willing to say no plainly and keep working with the patient.
When we reach for them
We prescribe on the first or second visit only with medical evidence that the main problem is not a mood disorder, a personality disorder, a self-regulation problem or a mismatch between the person and their environment.
“I do prescribe stimulants on the first or second visit, but I need medical evidence. I need enough evidence to say that the major problem that we're dealing with today is not mood disorder, not personality disorder, not self-regulation disorder, not a mismatch between the self and the environment”
41:51How to Decide When ADHD Is Actually ADHDNov 2025 Stimulants improve executive functioning wherever someone sits on the bell curve, and psychological tools and environmental changes reduce symptoms wherever they sit too.
“I think stimulants are going to improve your executive functioning, whether or not no matter where you fit on the bell curve, and that there are psychological tools and environmental changes that you can make that will decrease the symptoms you experience, again, no matter where you are on the bell curve”
29:54ADHD... Diagnosis, What is ADHD? Is ADHD real? Do I have ADHD? Is ADHD biological?Sep 2024 Medication is one part of treatment. It may solve some problems if the problem is more biological, but it will not solve all of them.
“medications aren't going to solve all your problems. Medications might solve some of your problems if you have more of a biological problem. But it's just one part of your treatment”
33:24ADHD Again, But Juicier: Unpacking Misdiagnosis, Medication Overuse, and Cultural TrendsOct 2024 Before starting a stimulant, see whether seven and a half hours of sleep leaves any targets behind.
“Before we start thinking about giving a stimulant, how about if we see if we can get you seven and a half hours of sleep and then we'll see what targets remain”
18:31Dr. Jim Phelps’ Bipolar Treatment Tier List: Lessons from 30+ Years in PsychiatryJul 2026Guest episode The main exception in depression is geriatric depression with apathy, avolition and low energy that probably reflects something neurocognitive, such as early dementia. A little stimulant is okay there.
“The main exception for me is geriatric depression coupled with more apathy, abolition. That is probably a product of something more neurocognitive. You know, a little light dementia or even full dementia where there's a lot of abolition, apathy, low energy. Add a little stimulant. That's okay. There's something more neurobiological going on”
54:27Treating Depression: Practical Tips & Pearls for Anti-Depressant MedicationsJan 2025
Drug effect versus treatment
A drug gives an effect that goes away when you stop it. A treatment is different, not because of the substance, but because it leads somewhere lasting.
“A treatment is different than a drug, not because of the substance that it actually is or its properties. The difference is that when you take a drug, it gives you an effect, and when you don't have that drug, the effect goes away”
30:40ADHD Again, But Juicier: Unpacking Misdiagnosis, Medication Overuse, and Cultural TrendsOct 2024 Even for the most biological disorders, treatment works over at least two or three months. A major effect within a few weeks, or a stimulant that seems to stop working and need a higher dose after a few weeks, is the drug effect. Do not fall for that trap.
“there's a sense that the stimulant stops working in some sense or needs a higher dose after initially working for a few weeks, that's not the medication treatment effect. That's the drug effect. So do not fall for that trap”
5:48Antidepressant Tier List: Psychiatrists Rank Depression Medications for MDDMay 2026 Also said in 1 more episode
“even for the most biological mental disorders in psychiatry, treatment is something that really happens on the order of, at minimum, two or three months. OK, if you get a major effect within a few weeks, most of the time, that's a drug, not a medication”
51:13How to Decide When ADHD Is Actually ADHDNov 2025 A stimulant can make a bad job or relationship feel like less of a problem for the first couple of hours, while the level is high. That is a drug effect, not treatment.
“the stimulant helps you feel like that's not such a problem. for at least the first couple of hours when it's at a high level. But like I mentioned before, that's not treatment, right? That's a drug effect”
41:41ADHD Again, But Juicier: Unpacking Misdiagnosis, Medication Overuse, and Cultural TrendsOct 2024 Even in ADHD there are diminishing returns. Separate the energy boost and euphoria from clinical treatment of ADHD.
“There are diminishing returns. You need to differentiate between the energy boost in euphoria and the clinical treatment of ADHD”
13:59You Tell Me | Adderall for All?, Surgeons Gone Shrink, Codependency isn't NeurobiologicalJul 2025 In most people without ADHD, stimulants are habit-forming and create tolerance pretty rapidly.
“it is a drug, a stimulant drug that has habit-forming potential and basically creates tolerance pretty rapidly in most people who do not have ADHD”
6:18You Tell Me | Adderall for All?, Surgeons Gone Shrink, Codependency isn't NeurobiologicalJul 2025
Depression and anxiety
What people feel on a stimulant is an intoxicant effect, euphoria and an energy burst, and they build tolerance to it. That is not treating depression.
“What you feel on a stim, on meth or cocaine or speed, which is what Adderall is, is an intoxicant effect. That is the euphoria and energy burst, and you will build tolerance to that”
3:22Antidepressant Tier List: Psychiatrists Rank Depression Medications for MDDMay 2026 In ADHD plus depression, a stimulant does not treat the depression long term. Irritability and somatic symptoms creep up.
“it doesn't treat depression in the long term. And what I've seen with so many patients who have ADHD plus depression is you're You're not treating the depression and you'll see irritability creep up. You'll see somatic symptoms creep up”
5:05Antidepressant Tier List: Psychiatrists Rank Depression Medications for MDDMay 2026 For depression it is symptomatic treatment without much evidence of long-term benefit. Anyone feels better on a stimulant, and takes it away and they feel more depressed.
“It's symptomatic treatment. It doesn't seem to we don't see a lot of evidence for long term effects. Anyone that takes a stimulant will feel better. You take away that stimulant, they will feel more depressed. That's just kind of how they work and don't quite understand why”
53:11Treating Depression: Practical Tips & Pearls for Anti-Depressant MedicationsJan 2025 In proper ADHD, the reduction in psychological anxiety far outweighs the minor physiological anxiety a stimulant adds.
“if you're treating a proper ADHD, the psychological anxiety reduction far outweighs It's the minor physiological. Physiological anxiety”
37:53Anxiety Medications Tier List: The Best and Worst Treatments for GADJul 2026 Cutting back is worth considering for anxiety, especially since stimulants in the United States are probably highly overprescribed.
“especially in today's world where stimulants in the United States, at least, are probably highly overprescribed”
37:04Anxiety Medications Tier List: The Best and Worst Treatments for GADJul 2026 Activating drugs can quietly worsen anxiety: we have often seen patients with OCD, PTSD or anxiety on bupropion get better when it is pulled off.
“I've just seen so many times patients with OCD, PTSD, anxiety on bupropion. You pull it off and they get better”
35:46Anxiety Medications Tier List: The Best and Worst Treatments for GADJul 2026
Bipolar disorder and psychosis
Do not be the provider who hears that a patient cannot concentrate and starts a stimulant without considering bipolar disorder.
“do not be one of those providers who hears that the patient can't concentrate and put these people on stimulants i see it all the time”
51:00How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder: The Interview Framework That Beats Screening QuestionsFeb 2026 When assessing for bipolar disorder, ask about prescribed and unprescribed medications patients do not think of as drugs. Stimulants are the biggest.
“You can't forget the prescription medications that are being taken by patients that don't consider drugs, even if they are prescribed or are not prescribed to them. Obviously, the biggest ones are stimulants, but we also have to consider the possibility of antidepressant induced mania”
16:34How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder: The Interview Framework That Beats Screening QuestionsFeb 2026 Some patients with a childhood ADHD diagnosis develop bipolar disorder in their early twenties, and a stimulant will make that worse.
“I've had several patients where, uh, they had the childhood diagnosis of ADHD and yes, they began to develop a bipolar disorder in their early twenties. And, you know, if you're coming in and the only solution that you're aware of that anyone has told you about is a stimulant, that's going to be making things worse”
21:10ADHD Is Not the Only Diagnosis: Differential and Diagnostic HierarchyNov 2025 Some patients with true childhood ADHD develop stimulant-induced psychosis around 18 or in their twenties. You know it because the psychotic symptoms stop when you pull the stimulant.
“once they're starting to turn 18 or in their 20s, they start developing stimulant-induced psychosis. Okay. And how do I know it's that? Because I pull them off the stimulants and the psychotic symptoms stop”
38:14ADHD Is Not the Only Diagnosis: Differential and Diagnostic HierarchyNov 2025 We never give stimulants to patients with bipolar disorder, though there is some preliminary evidence that methylphenidate is more suitable there.
“methylphenidate, which there's at least some preliminary evidence showing is more suitable for use in bipolar disorders, though personally, I never give stimulants to bipolar disorder patients”
39:59ADHD Again, But Juicier: Unpacking Misdiagnosis, Medication Overuse, and Cultural TrendsOct 2024 The medical risks include psychosis, mania, insomnia, weight loss and decreased appetite.
“There's going to be a higher risk of psychosis, mania, insomnia, weight loss, appetite decrease. Okay. And more importantly than even that small risk”
5:36You Tell Me | Adderall for All?, Surgeons Gone Shrink, Codependency isn't NeurobiologicalJul 2025
Sleep
Limiting and timing stimulants, including caffeine and anything else that produces wakefulness, is S tier for sleep.
“we forgot to put limiting and timing stimulants onto the board. That's an S tier for sure. Go ahead and throw it on there. Stimulants, including caffeine, basically anything That produces wakefulness physiologically or suppresses sleep physiologically”
48:44Sleep Medications Treatment Tier List: Best Insomnia Medications RankedAug 2026 It is very hard to know subjectively how a stimulant affects your sleep. If a patient drinks several espresso shots, deal with that before starting a sleep medication.
“for stimulants, it's really, really hard to subjectively know how a stimulant affects your sleep. Trust your gut. If a patient is drinking three espresso shots, please talk to them about the impact of five espresso shots before starting a sleep medication”
50:42Sleep Medications Treatment Tier List: Best Insomnia Medications RankedAug 2026 Modern extended-release stimulants are built for a rising serum level in the afternoon, so what a patient feels then is probably what they are supposed to feel.
“that's why modern extended release stimulants are made to have a rising level Of the stimulant serum level in the afternoon period. So if you're getting a long-acting stimulant, XR, IR, XR, or whatever you call them, and you're feeling that, that's probably just what you're supposed to be feeling”
50:05Sleep Medications Treatment Tier List: Best Insomnia Medications RankedAug 2026
Pitfalls and myths
Label ADHD as the primary problem and you tunnel yourself and the patient into a lifetime of escalating stimulants.
“how often do we see patients on higher and higher doses of stimulants? Patients who, you know, they're running through the gambit of different antidepressants because the persons were not thinking through the hierarchy appropriately”
22:02Diagnostic Hierarchy Explained: Why Patients Get 5 DiagnosesNov 2026 Also said in 1 more episode
“if you label ADHD as the primary problem, you will tunnel vision you and the patient to a lifetime of escalating stimulants”
18:33How to Decide When ADHD Is Actually ADHDNov 2025 The biggest harm of symptomatic stimulant treatment is what gets ignored: proper trauma disorders, mood disorders and, most harmful of all, bipolar disorder.
“the biggest things that are ignored are trauma disorders, proper trauma disorders, not just people of history, trauma, um, What else is ignored is mood disorders, and the most harmful one to ignore is, of course, bipolar disorder”
12:05You Tell Me | Adderall for All?, Surgeons Gone Shrink, Codependency isn't NeurobiologicalJul 2025 Using a stimulant to push through a bad boss or a life that does not suit you hides a social problem behind a medical diagnosis, at the cost of physical and mental health.
“if we hide that behind a diagnosis, a medical diagnosis, and we have you push through it at the cost of your physical and mental health by putting you on essentially amphetamine speed, that's a detriment to your overall life, right”
50:02ADHD Is Not the Only Diagnosis: Differential and Diagnostic HierarchyNov 2025 Using chemicals in place of a psychological defense, to rescue yourself or push yourself to some limit, is a downward spiral.
“If you use a chemical defense, essentially, like in place of a psychological defense, you use exogenous chemicals in a manner where you're trying to rescue yourself from something or push yourself to some limit, that's a downward spiral”
11:28You Tell Me | Adderall for All?, Surgeons Gone Shrink, Codependency isn't NeurobiologicalJul 2025 There is a financial incentive to diagnose ADHD loosely: an ADHD patient comes back monthly.
“there is a financial incentive to diagnose ADHD. And there's a financial incentive to have a relatively loose diagnosis of ADHD. So, you know, primary care doctors, for example, if you have an ADHD patient, that's a patient that's going to come monthly”
23:57ADHD Again, But Juicier: Unpacking Misdiagnosis, Medication Overuse, and Cultural TrendsOct 2024 People push stimulants because they see ADHD as a biological illness. If you thought it was purely a social construct, you would change the society instead of medicating.
“people want everyone on stimulants because they think it's a biological illness, right? If you thought that ADHD was purely a social construct, which, by the way, I don't actually believe, then you wouldn't medicate. You'd change the society”
43:22Bipolar Misunderstandings, Integrating Biology & Personality, & Broader ConceptualizationsSep 2024
Talking to patients
Patients who arrive sure they have ADHD fundamentally want the problem to get better. Orient toward that, even if the two of you end up calling it different things.
“they just want the problem to be better fundamentally. And if you can orient towards that, regardless of what you're going to call it, even if you and the patient end up calling it two different things”
12:50Handling Difficult Situations in Psychiatry: ADHD Evaluations, Benzo Requests, Disability Claims, and Involuntary AdmissionsOct 2025 When it is unclear, say so: after one evaluation you are not exactly sure what they have, though you hear some evidence of ADHD-type symptoms.
“I have to tell you, though, after just this one evaluation, I'm still not really exactly sure what you have. OK, I am hearing some evidence of possible ADHD type symptoms”
31:16How to Decide When ADHD Is Actually ADHDNov 2025 When there is no indication, say it plainly: I understand you think the medication will help, but I don't see a medical indication today, so I'm not going to prescribe anything.
“I understand you really think that the medication is going to help you, but I don't really see any medical indication today. And so unfortunately, I'm not going to prescribe you anything”
48:05How to Decide When ADHD Is Actually ADHDNov 2025 Keep the door open: I'm not going to give anything that is not clearly medically indicated, so let's keep working together, and if after a few more visits ADHD looks like the best explanation, we can go that way.
“I'm not going to give any medications to anybody that are not clearly medically indicated. I don't want to give anyone anything inappropriate. And I think the best thing to do is if we can keep working together”
17:41Handling Difficult Situations in Psychiatry: ADHD Evaluations, Benzo Requests, Disability Claims, and Involuntary AdmissionsOct 2025 Also said in 1 more episode
“after we do a few more visits, if I start to see that the best explanation is ADHD, we can go in that direction”
20:57Handling Difficult Situations in Psychiatry: ADHD Evaluations, Benzo Requests, Disability Claims, and Involuntary AdmissionsOct 2025 Be honest that stimulants are not a very safe medication anyone can take, and that you would rather find out what this is.
“stimulants are not something that it's not just a very safe medication that anyone can take. And I know you can go to another psychiatrist whenever you want, but I'd like to try to find out what this is instead”
19:53Handling Difficult Situations in Psychiatry: ADHD Evaluations, Benzo Requests, Disability Claims, and Involuntary AdmissionsOct 2025 Say why you are holding back: I know you can get Adderall elsewhere, but I'm worried about you. It may help today and tomorrow, but these things have consequences.
“I know that you can go to another provider and get this diagnosis and get put on Adderall if you wanted to, but I'm worried about you. And I'm worried that, yes, maybe the Adderall will help you today and tomorrow, but these things have consequences”
43:03ADHD Is Not the Only Diagnosis: Differential and Diagnostic HierarchyNov 2025 For patients who want stimulants to meet a productivity demand, step back and ask what matters to them and what they want their life to look like outside work.
“I think you need to dial back people who are in this situation and ask, what is important to me? What do I value? And what do I want my life to look like outside of work or outside of whatever I think these stimulants are going to do for me”
15:00You Tell Me | Adderall for All?, Surgeons Gone Shrink, Codependency isn't NeurobiologicalJul 2025 Be okay with losing a few patients. Making sure of the diagnosis instead of handing out a treatment to keep someone is not a mistake.
“you have to be okay with losing a few patients. And the way I formulated it, I was being considerate. It's not that I missed the diagnosis or I made a mistake. I wanted to make sure that I had the right diagnosis and I didn't just give a treatment to make it so that the patient kept with me”
4:41ADHD Is Not the Only Diagnosis: Differential and Diagnostic HierarchyNov 2025
It also comes up on
- MethylphenidateMethylphenidate is commonly used for geriatric depression, so we cannot write off stimulants in one sweeping blow.
- ADHDThe primary goal of stimulant treatment is a long-term trajectory of better executive function and a life worth living as the patient wants it. Look for the functional, long-term goals.
- ADHDAmphetamines are more rewarding and have higher abuse potential. People who know they have a problem can cling to ADHD as the explanation.
- AmphetamineAmphetamines are a little more rewarding and have higher abuse potential. In many of the other conditions that bring adults in asking about ADHD, people know they have a problem and cling to ADHD as the name for it.
- HypomaniaFor patients who have used stimulants: have you ever felt like you were on that drug for two or three days when you had not used it in a month?
- ManiaRemember unregulated herbs and supplements with stimulant properties, and steroids such as prednisone or other less common prescriptions that can cause mania.
- AntipsychoticsAripiprazole has a favorable side effect profile, but after using it a lot, we find it simply not efficacious enough. It may work better when the dopamine system is less disturbed: earlier in the illness, or without much long-term stimulant use.
- AripiprazoleThere is some theory that it works better in people with a less disturbed dopamine system, meaning earlier in the illness or without much long-term stimulant use.
From these episodes
- Diagnostic Hierarchy Explained: Why Patients Get 5 DiagnosesNov 2026 · 1 point
- Sleep Medications Treatment Tier List: Best Insomnia Medications RankedAug 2026 · 3 points
- Dr. Jim Phelps’ Bipolar Treatment Tier List: Lessons from 30+ Years in PsychiatryJul 2026 · 1 point
- Anxiety Medications Tier List: The Best and Worst Treatments for GADJul 2026 · 3 points
- Antidepressant Tier List: Psychiatrists Rank Depression Medications for MDDMay 2026 · 3 points
- How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder: The Interview Framework That Beats Screening QuestionsFeb 2026 · 2 points
- How to Decide When ADHD Is Actually ADHDNov 2025 · 5 points
- ADHD Is Not the Only Diagnosis: Differential and Diagnostic HierarchyNov 2025 · 5 points
- Handling Difficult Situations in Psychiatry: ADHD Evaluations, Benzo Requests, Disability Claims, and Involuntary AdmissionsOct 2025 · 4 points
- You Tell Me | Adderall for All?, Surgeons Gone Shrink, Codependency isn't NeurobiologicalJul 2025 · 6 points
- Treating Depression: Practical Tips & Pearls for Anti-Depressant MedicationsJan 2025 · 2 points
- ADHD Again, But Juicier: Unpacking Misdiagnosis, Medication Overuse, and Cultural TrendsOct 2024 · 5 points
- ADHD... Diagnosis, What is ADHD? Is ADHD real? Do I have ADHD? Is ADHD biological?Sep 2024 · 1 point
- Bipolar Misunderstandings, Integrating Biology & Personality, & Broader ConceptualizationsSep 2024 · 1 point
Every point above is something said on the Psychofarm podcast, with the words as spoken and a link to the moment in the episode. It is education, not medical advice, and an episode reflects what we thought when we recorded it.