Mixed depression sits right next to unipolar depression, and the more you screen for it the more you find. Listen for the four A's (anxiety, anger, agitation, attention problems), which often get read as depression plus another disorder, and remember that antidepressants can induce mixed states.
What it is
Mixed depressions are the big problem because they sit right next to unipolar depression. With "major depression with mixed features," DSM-5 got as close as it could to saying that mood disorders are a spectrum.
“The big problem is mixed depressions because you're right down next to unipolar. In fact, finally in the DSM-5, they got as close as they possibly could to you saying, yes, it's a spectrum by saying that there's this thing called major depression with mixed features”
33:33How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder with Dr. Phelps: Hypomania, Mixed States & the Clues DSM MissesSep 2026Guest episode
How we diagnose it
Look for the four A's: anxiety, anger, physical agitation and attention problems. Once you accept that these can be manic symptoms inside a unipolar picture, they are part of a bipolar mixed state. The four A's work well when talking with patients too.
“The four things are anxiety, anger, Agitation, Physical Agitation, and Attention Problems. He puts them that way to make the four A's. So once one admits that the four A's, anxiety, anger, agitation, and attention problems can be manic symptoms in unipolar, this is part of a bipolar mixed state”
34:57How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder with Dr. Phelps: Hypomania, Mixed States & the Clues DSM MissesSep 2026Guest episode Also said in 1 more episode
“And I use the 4As all the time talking to patients. But I'm excited for you to help clean this up because yeah, it does have such crossover with so many other conditions”
36:15How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder with Dr. Phelps: Hypomania, Mixed States & the Clues DSM MissesSep 2026 The more you look for mixed episodes, the more you see them. Patients who report only depression often describe hypomanic or manic-type symptoms once you dig into their symptoms.
“the more you look and screen for mixed episodes, the more you see them. You know, patients who only report depression, and then when you dive into their symptoms, you do hear hypomanic or manic-type symptoms”
39:04How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder: The Interview Framework That Beats Screening QuestionsFeb 2026 An episodic, recurrent depression raises the possibility of a bipolar spectrum disorder, or at least mixed, refractory or biological-seeming depression, rather than depression secondary to life circumstances or personality.
“if you are able to detect a episodic and recurrent major depressive picture, that starts to raise the possibility that there is a bipolar spectrum disorder or at least a possibility of mixed depression or refractory or biological seeming depression rather than depression secondary to life circumstances or personality”
27:18How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder: The Interview Framework That Beats Screening QuestionsFeb 2026 Substantially worsening sleep, especially physiologically improbable sleep of three to five hours in someone without a trauma disorder, should make you start considering bipolar.
“if you see substantially worsening sleep and physiologically improbable sleep, like three, four, five hours in somebody, especially when they don't have a trauma disorder, You really need to start considering the possibility of bipolar”
52:03Lindsay Clancy Trial: A Forensic Psychiatrist Explains Psychosis, Malingering, & the Insanity DefenseSep 2026
What it gets confused with
A mixed state often gets read as depression plus something else: plus PTSD with an agitated state, plus generalized anxiety disorder with an anxious state, plus ADHD with irritable phases, or plus borderline personality disorder with phases of varied symptoms.
“major depression plus PTSD with an agitated state, major depression plus generalized anxiety disorder with an anxious state, major depression with attention deficit disorder with irritable phases, major depression with borderline personality disorder with phases of variety of symptoms”
35:29How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder with Dr. Phelps: Hypomania, Mixed States & the Clues DSM MissesSep 2026Guest episode
Side effects and safety
The big risk of antidepressants here is inducing mood instability and mixed states. With almost no exceptions, antidepressants are pro-cycling and make cycling more likely.
“The big problem is inducing mood instability and mixed states. You make cycling more likely to happen because antidepressants are Antidepressant, all antidepressants with almost no exceptions are pro cycling”
49:54Dr. Jim Phelps’ Bipolar Treatment Tier List: Lessons from 30+ Years in PsychiatryJul 2026Guest episode
It also comes up on
- Bipolar disorderPhysical activity is a great tool for targeting depression in bipolar disorder without running the risk of inducing mixed states, more cycling or mania. A simple prescription: open your door with your shoes on, walk for seven and a half minutes in any direction, walk home, and do that every day.
- AntipsychoticsBefore adding a second antipsychotic, go back to the diagnosis and look for mixed features or other psychopathology beyond the psychosis.
- Bipolar depressionPhysical activity is a great tool for targeting depression in bipolar disorder without running the risk of inducing mixed states, more cycling or mania.
- ExerciseIn bipolar disorder, physical activity is a great tool for targeting depression in a way that does not run the risk of inducing mixed states, more cycling or mania.
- InsomniaIf insomnia on an SSRI lasts, pull the SSRI; the sleep needs to be stable first. If it is mild and you are not worried about a mixed state, add a standard sleeper and move the SSRI to the daytime.
- ManiaMany people lack memory, once the episode is over, of what was going on during mania, hypomania or a mixed state. This is very common.
- SSRIsIf it is mild and you are not worried about a mixed state, add a standard sleeper and move the SSRI to the daytime.
From these episodes
- How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder with Dr. Phelps: Hypomania, Mixed States & the Clues DSM MissesSep 2026 · 4 points
- Lindsay Clancy Trial: A Forensic Psychiatrist Explains Psychosis, Malingering, & the Insanity DefenseSep 2026 · 1 point
- Dr. Jim Phelps’ Bipolar Treatment Tier List: Lessons from 30+ Years in PsychiatryJul 2026 · 1 point
- How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder: The Interview Framework That Beats Screening QuestionsFeb 2026 · 2 points
Every point above is something said on the Psychofarm podcast, with the words as spoken and a link to the moment in the episode. It is education, not medical advice, and an episode reflects what we thought when we recorded it.