Splitting is seeing self and others as all good or all bad, the mind's original state that normal development slowly integrates. It is the core defense of borderline personality organization, and everyone splits under enough strain; what differs is the degree. In treatment, expect to be made all good or all bad, and listen for stories that are perfect on the surface and contradictory underneath.
What it is
Early on, the mind sorts things into good and bad representations that are not merged: mother is either all good or all bad. Through many minor frustrations, a child learns the all-good and all-bad mother are the same person. Splitting persists when that process is interrupted.
“through a series of minor chronic frustrations that improve your ability to understand that the all good mom and the all bad mom are the exact same thing. So splitting develops when that process is interrupted”
24:50You Can See Everything Psychological Analysis by Clinical & Forensic PsychiatristsOct 2026 Also said in 1 more episode
“Now, early on, our minds are sorted into good representations and bad representations, and they're not merged together. So mother is either all good or all bad. And with development, those two different neural pathways can merge together so that we can view one person as both caring and disappointing”
36:15Is Psychoanalysis Still Relevant in Modern Psychiatry?Oct 2025 It is the difficulty integrating self and others as whole people with both good and bad qualities, so the other is all good or all bad.
“splitting means in essence that the person has a very difficult time integrating one's sense of self and sense of the object as a whole entity or as a whole person. So, you know, in normal, quote unquote, object relations, we're able to say, you know, person X has good qualities”
20:13Understanding Borderline Personality Disorder with Dr. Mark L. RuffaloDec 2024Guest episode It is the fundamental defense of borderline personality organization, alongside identity diffusion, reliance on primitive defenses and, above all, difficulty integrating the positive and negative sides of relationships.
“Other characteristics with BPO are identity diffusion, a reliance on primitive defenses. Really, the big difficulty is difficulty integrating positive and negative aspects of relationships”
27:53You Can See Everything Psychological Analysis by Clinical & Forensic PsychiatristsOct 2026 Splitting into heroes and villains is the original state of mind in all of us, and we only pretend we do not do it. Idealization and devaluation are very human; what stands out is the degree.
“idealization and devaluation is very human and we all do it. That's not the unique part. I think it's the degree and how it seems to be”
45:04You Can See Everything Psychological Analysis by Clinical & Forensic PsychiatristsOct 2026 Also said in 1 more episode
“It comes natural to all of us. It's the original state of mind. And we only pretend that we're not doing it”
19:20Healthy Personality Traits, Trauma vs. Personality, and Why Trauma Doesn’t Explain It AllOct 2024 Idealization can reach the point where the other person takes on a magical, almost spiritual quality of shared specialness (what Kohut called twinship).
“Cohut talks about the twin countertransference, where people with these kind of pathologies, the way that they view the other people needs to be idealized to such an extreme extent that it takes on a magical, almost spiritual quality of shared specialness”
47:00You Can See Everything Psychological Analysis by Clinical & Forensic PsychiatristsOct 2026
Spotting it
Listen for discrepancies that cannot both be true: a relationship that was absolutely perfect, and a partner who cheated a lot.
“they'll talk about this amazing relationship that was absolutely perfect. And then as they talk about more, you'll hear real discrepancies talking about how the relationship was perfect, but the partner cheated a lot”
37:16Assessment of Personality: Practical Assessment in a Short TimeframeMay 2025 Lower-level defenses to listen for in people with lower-level personality functioning include general paranoia: a generally paranoid, guarded person who feels others take advantage of or try to harm them.
“some lower level defenses that can be quite present. in people with lower level personality functioning are general paranoia. It's just a generally paranoid person. Are they always kind of guarded, looking out for people, taking advantage of them or trying to harm them”
47:20Assessment of Personality: Practical Assessment in a Short TimeframeMay 2025 A childhood described as 100 percent great usually has some defensiveness or splitting in it. Maturity is recognizing both the positive and negative in yourself and others.
“if someone thinks that their childhood is 100% great, generally, there's probably some defensive nature in that or splitting aspect, right? What is considered mature or at least normal is to be able to recognize both the positive and negative aspects of yourself and others”
28:23Healthy Personality Traits, Trauma vs. Personality, and Why Trauma Doesn’t Explain It AllOct 2024 It can show up as a self-image so all good that even ordinary human lying sits outside awareness.
“Her image of herself is such that even normal human lying is something that she is completely outside of her awareness”
32:22You Can See Everything Psychological Analysis by Clinical & Forensic PsychiatristsOct 2026
In treatment
You, the clinician, will sometimes be made all good or all bad. It is a very common scenario.
“Splitting, right? The idea that things can be perceived as or treated as all good or all bad. This is a very common scenario in clinical treatment. You, the clinician, are going to be made all good or all bad sometimes”
37:04Is Psychoanalysis Still Relevant in Modern Psychiatry?Oct 2025 Devaluation works, unconsciously, to push the other person away. Untreated, the cycle repeats.
“often what prompts the push away or is associated with the push away is a period of devaluation of the object. So splitting idealization and devaluation, that's DSM-5, criteria, right? And so splitting is utilized, if you will, unconsciously to push the object away or devaluation rather is utilized unconsciously to push the object away”
22:04Understanding Borderline Personality Disorder with Dr. Mark L. RuffaloDec 2024Guest episode Explain the relationship cycle: the search for one exclusive relationship that meets every need creates tension, the other person feels swallowed up and pulls back, and the cycle turns. It can replay in the treatment relationship.
“they try to find and form an exclusive relationship with someone that meets all their needs. And this inevitably creates tension. The other person feels like they're going to get swallowed up, like they're going to get, I don't know”
47:43Treating Borderline Personality Effectively aka How To Be A Good Psychiatrist Through GPMMay 2025
Pearls
Look for splitting in yourself. Everyone splits with enough strain, as anyone who has called an ex a bastard after a breakup knows.
“I think it's important to look for these processes in yourself. Everyone splits with enough strain”
38:03Is Psychoanalysis Still Relevant in Modern Psychiatry?Oct 2025 Also said in 1 more episode
“If your partner breaks up with you, you don't immediately go to, gee, I can understand why, given his history, he wouldn't have found me the right partner. You go to, he's a bastard, I hate him. So that's splitting”
35:51Nancy McWilliams on Psychoanalytic Diagnoses, Part 1: Personality, Defenses, Themes, Paranoid PersonalityNov 2024Guest episode Emotional development is separate from intellectual development. Someone can be very high functioning intellectually and still emotionally childlike.
“emotional development is a different set of skills or development than the cognitive intellectual development. So someone can be very high functioning intellectually and still be emotionally childlike or underdeveloped”
25:40You Can See Everything Psychological Analysis by Clinical & Forensic PsychiatristsOct 2026
From these episodes
- You Can See Everything Psychological Analysis by Clinical & Forensic PsychiatristsOct 2026 · 6 points
- Is Psychoanalysis Still Relevant in Modern Psychiatry?Oct 2025 · 3 points
- Assessment of Personality: Practical Assessment in a Short TimeframeMay 2025 · 2 points
- Treating Borderline Personality Effectively aka How To Be A Good Psychiatrist Through GPMMay 2025 · 1 point
- Understanding Borderline Personality Disorder with Dr. Mark L. RuffaloDec 2024 · 2 points
- Nancy McWilliams on Psychoanalytic Diagnoses, Part 1: Personality, Defenses, Themes, Paranoid PersonalityNov 2024 · 1 point
- Healthy Personality Traits, Trauma vs. Personality, and Why Trauma Doesn’t Explain It AllOct 2024 · 2 points
Every point above is something said on the Psychofarm podcast, with the words as spoken and a link to the moment in the episode. It is education, not medical advice, and an episode reflects what we thought when we recorded it.