Defenses are just what the mind does; we call them defenses in a pathological context. Everyone has primitive defenses, and what marks healthier functioning is having higher-order ones too. In the room, watch for the narrative stopping or changing course, use common sense when a reaction does not fit, and build slowly from pointing out a pattern to linking it to how it helps and hurts the patient.
What they are
Defenses are called defenses because we name them that way in a pathological context. Really, they are just what the mind does.
“defenses are called defenses because we're calling them that way in a specific pathological context. But what they really are is they're just what the mind does”
21:21Healthy Personality Traits, Trauma vs. Personality, and Why Trauma Doesn’t Explain It AllOct 2024 In psychodynamic terms, defenses are capacities that can mitigate or sublimate parts of our animal instincts.
“you have certain capacities you have certain abilities um in psychodynamic terms we would call them defenses and Right. That can mitigate or sublimate aspects of your animal instincts”
31:32Bipolar Misunderstandings, Integrating Biology & Personality, & Broader ConceptualizationsSep 2024 We all have primitive defenses, not just the sick patient. Primitive here is descriptive, not pathologizing: they are the ones that come up early in our experience.
“we all have primitive defenses. It's not just the sick patient. The primitive defenses, and I'm using primitive not in a way to try to pathologize them, but just to descriptively say they come up early in our experience”
33:40Nancy McWilliams on Psychoanalytic Diagnoses, Part 1: Personality, Defenses, Themes, Paranoid PersonalityNov 2024Guest episode What makes someone more adaptive is not the absence of primitive defenses but the presence of adaptive higher-order ones. Repression, for example, is a higher-order defense than denial.
“What makes a difference as to whether you're able to be more adaptive in the world is not that you have primitive defenses, but it's more that you don't have adaptive higher order defenses, like repression is a higher order defense than denial”
37:12Nancy McWilliams on Psychoanalytic Diagnoses, Part 1: Personality, Defenses, Themes, Paranoid PersonalityNov 2024Guest episode Splitting shows up in ordinary life. When a partner breaks up with you, you do not reach for a balanced view of why it did not work; you go to: he is a bastard, I hate him.
“If your partner breaks up with you, you don't immediately go to, gee, I can understand why, given his history, he wouldn't have found me the right partner. You go to, he's a bastard, I hate him. So that's splitting”
35:51Nancy McWilliams on Psychoanalytic Diagnoses, Part 1: Personality, Defenses, Themes, Paranoid PersonalityNov 2024Guest episode In healthy functioning, regressions are creative and ego-mediated, and projections or regressions are owned.
“Regressions are creative and ego-mediated. Projections or regressions are owned. And that really helped me in that, like what you're saying that”
20:21Healthy Personality Traits, Trauma vs. Personality, and Why Trauma Doesn’t Explain It AllOct 2024
What they look like
You do not need technical terms to spot a defense. Avoiding a line of thinking or a way of saying something, or literally running from an interviewer with an excuse, are all psychological or interpersonal defenses.
“anytime you see somebody avoiding a line of thinking, a way of saying something, or in many cases in the film, literally running away from an interviewer by making some kind of excuse, those are all good examples of psychological or interpersonal defenses”
5:53You Can See Everything Psychological Analysis by Clinical & Forensic PsychiatristsOct 2026 In borderline personality disorder, primitive defenses (projection, projective identification, identification with the aggressor) are central core features.
“the patient's use of very primitive, if you will, defense mechanisms of projection, projective identification, identification with the aggressor. sort of our central core features of this disorder”
4:34Understanding Borderline Personality Disorder with Dr. Mark L. RuffaloDec 2024Guest episode In the obsessive-compulsive style, the core defense is little access to emotional life: much more comfort in the realm of thoughts and ideas than in feelings.
“the core defense is that they have little access to their emotional lives. So these are people who are much more comfortable in the realm of thought, ideas, rather than getting to their feelings”
The Psychology of Seinfeld: What’s Really Wrong With George, Kramer, Jerry & Elaine?Aug 2026 General paranoia is a lower-level defense common in lower-level personality functioning: someone always guarded, watching for people taking advantage of them or trying to harm them.
“some lower level defenses that can be quite present. in people with lower level personality functioning are general paranoia. It's just a generally paranoid person. Are they always kind of guarded, looking out for people, taking advantage of them or trying to harm them”
47:20Assessment of Personality: Practical Assessment in a Short TimeframeMay 2025
How we use it
Picture the patient's story as an evenly flowing river. If they suddenly stop talking or change the subject, the river has dammed up or changed direction, and something inside has shifted.
“If it's an evenly flowing river and then suddenly they stop talking or suddenly they change the subject, right? You might think of the river damming up or the river changing direction”
12:00Psychodynamic Technique and Therapeutic Intervention: Mirroring, Clarification, Confrontation, InterpretationJun 2026 Work up in steps over time: pointing out a pattern, pointing it out repeatedly, then linking it both to how it helps the patient (adaptive) and how it hurts them (maladaptive).
“there is a difference between simply pointing it out, pointing it out repeatedly over time, and pointing out the pattern or the behavior and linking it to both how it helps the patient, how it's adaptive and how it hurts the patient, how it's maladaptive”
25:11Psychodynamic Technique and Therapeutic Intervention: Mirroring, Clarification, Confrontation, InterpretationJun 2026 Use common sense. A patient who says they had a breakup a week ago and are doing spectacularly is worth talking with about that.
“a big part of our job is common sense. And using your common sense for when a patient reports like, oh, I had a breakup a week ago and I'm doing spectacular”
32:00Psychodynamic Technique and Therapeutic Intervention: Mirroring, Clarification, Confrontation, InterpretationJun 2026
Pearls
In the moment you often cannot name the defense. Only after the appointment, with time to reflect, can you put words to what you were experiencing.
“Usually in the moment, I can't identify what the defense is. It's only kind of after the appointment's over and I have some time to reflect that I'm able to maybe put words to what i was experiencing or identify what the specific defense was”
49:30Assessment of Personality: Practical Assessment in a Short TimeframeMay 2025
It also comes up on
- Antisocial personality disorderThe insanity defense traditionally excludes antisocial personality disorder. Anyone trained appropriately, who understands why the defense exists and who it applies to, knows it cannot apply.
- SplittingIt is the fundamental defense of borderline personality organization, alongside identity diffusion, reliance on primitive defenses and, above all, difficulty integrating the positive and negative sides of relationships.
- Bipolar disorderThe reverse happens too. Someone can look perfectly borderline in interpersonal style and defenses while a bipolar process is going on, without pressured speech; the illness is probably aggravating their personality functioning through stress, regression, irritability or paranoia.
- Borderline personality organizationIdentity diffusion and a reliance on primitive defenses. The big difficulty is integrating the positive and negative aspects of relationships.
- Complex PTSDSome patients use the label as a defense against looking at their personality dysfunction. The McLean screen and a conversation about traits let you open that conversation earlier.
- HallucinationsIn the insanity defense, hearing a voice and following it is not enough. What the person believed at the time has to mean they did not understand the act was wrong.
- Hysterical personalityPerfectionism here is a defense against fear. Compare obsessive-compulsive people, where it defends against feeling bad, and narcissistic people, where it defends against shame.
- Insanity defenseThe defense traditionally excludes antisocial personality disorder. Anyone trained in why it exists knows it cannot apply there.
From these episodes
- You Can See Everything Psychological Analysis by Clinical & Forensic PsychiatristsOct 2026 · 1 point
- The Psychology of Seinfeld: What’s Really Wrong With George, Kramer, Jerry & Elaine?Aug 2026 · 1 point
- Psychodynamic Technique and Therapeutic Intervention: Mirroring, Clarification, Confrontation, InterpretationJun 2026 · 3 points
- Assessment of Personality: Practical Assessment in a Short TimeframeMay 2025 · 2 points
- Understanding Borderline Personality Disorder with Dr. Mark L. RuffaloDec 2024 · 1 point
- Nancy McWilliams on Psychoanalytic Diagnoses, Part 1: Personality, Defenses, Themes, Paranoid PersonalityNov 2024 · 3 points
- Healthy Personality Traits, Trauma vs. Personality, and Why Trauma Doesn’t Explain It AllOct 2024 · 2 points
- Bipolar Misunderstandings, Integrating Biology & Personality, & Broader ConceptualizationsSep 2024 · 1 point
Every point above is something said on the Psychofarm podcast, with the words as spoken and a link to the moment in the episode. It is education, not medical advice, and an episode reflects what we thought when we recorded it.