What We’ve Said

What we’ve said about Complex PTSD

27 points from 7 episodes, newest first

Also searched as CPTSD, C-PTSD, complex trauma

In short

Complex PTSD mostly points at personality problems: developmental trauma that changes the whole personality rather than a circumscribed fear response. It overlaps heavily with borderline personality disorder, and we hold it as a big bucket that contains BPD without the two being the same. Do not fight patients over the label; agree on what it means and give the right treatment.

What it is

  1. The injury is not a fear response circumscribed to the trauma. It is a wholesale inhibition or change of the person's personality due to developmental issues.

    “the injury is not to some fear response and understanding of the world issue that circumscribed to the trauma it's a wholesale inhibition or change of this person's personality due to developmental issues”
    20:46CPTSD vs BPD: How to Think About the Difference and What to Do About ItMar 2026
  2. Clear trauma and less clear emotional difficulties both interfere with the development of self and relationships, and that is the root of the personality disorders. It is totally implausible for someone with a multi-trauma developmental life from early childhood onward to have normally functioning personality.

    “it is totally implausible for someone who has a multi-trauma terrible developmental life from early childhood onwards to have a normal functioning personality. It's completely clinically implausible”
    39:50Assessment of Personality: Practical Assessment in a Short TimeframeMay 2025
    Also said in 1 more episode
    “trauma, properly, proper trauma, really clear trauma, and also not so clear traumas, emotional difficulties, clearly interfere with the process of self and relationship development. And that's the root of the personality disorders”
    23:51Healthy Personality Traits, Trauma vs. Personality, and Why Trauma Doesn’t Explain It AllOct 2024
  3. In the ICD, complex PTSD is PTSD plus disturbances of self-organization, which include difficulties regulating emotions.

    “PTSD plus what's the major category of the three categories is disturbances of self-organization. And that includes three things that they name. So difficulties in regulating emotions”
    21:33CPTSD vs BPD: How to Think About the Difference and What to Do About ItMar 2026
  4. A mnemonic: PTSD is FEAR (fright, exposure, avoidance, re-experiencing). Complex PTSD is BAD FEAR, adding betrayal, affect regulation and developmental impact.

    “it's fright, exposure, avoidance, and re-experiencing. And then CPTSD is bad fear. So that adds betrayal, affect regulation, and developmental impact”
    24:03CPTSD vs BPD: How to Think About the Difference and What to Do About ItMar 2026
  5. Define terms before debating. Baseline PTSD in the DSM-5 more or less covers what the ICD-11 calls complex PTSD.

    “PTSD as defined by the DSM-5 is different than PTSD that is defined by the ICD-11. Baseline PTSD in the DSM-5 essentially more or less covers what is actually called complex PTSD in the ICD-11”
    3:01CPTSD vs BPD: How to Think About the Difference and What to Do About ItMar 2026
  6. Complex PTSD is described as a history of subjection to totalitarian control, which is already a very loaded way of writing its criteria.

    “Complex post-traumatic stress disorder, a history of subjection to totalitarian control. I mean, that's a very loaded way of writing its criteria already, if you ask me”
    25:00CPTSD vs BPD: How to Think About the Difference and What to Do About ItMar 2026

Complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder

  1. Think of complex PTSD as a big bucket that contains a bunch of small buckets, and one of those small buckets is BPD.

    “I think now of CPTSD as a big bucket that contains a bunch of small buckets. And one of those small buckets is BPD”
    11:11CPTSD vs BPD: How to Think About the Difference and What to Do About ItMar 2026
  2. It is a useful term: a lot of patients do not have typical BPD symptoms but do show the complex PTSD picture.

    “Because there's a lot of patients who don't have typical BPD symptoms. And I do see a lot of the CPTSD stuff. So I do think it's actually... I don't know. I think it's a useful term”
    28:28CPTSD vs BPD: How to Think About the Difference and What to Do About ItMar 2026
  3. It is a major error to conceive of the whole of borderline personality disorder as simply complex PTSD.

    “I think it's a major error, uh, to, uh, to conceive of, of the entirety of what we call borderline personality disorder as simply being complex post-traumatic stress”
    5:25Understanding Borderline Personality Disorder with Dr. Mark L. RuffaloDec 2024Guest episode
  4. A skeptical view: complex trauma should not exist as a concept. It is clinically useful and can describe many patients accurately, but it is flawed in its origin.

    “i don't think that complex trauma should exist as a concept i think that it um while is clinically useful and can be used to accurately describe many types that it's flawed in this origin”
    12:20CPTSD vs BPD: How to Think About the Difference and What to Do About ItMar 2026
  5. Often we are all describing the same clinical problems in different language, because of poor practice in who clinicians give diagnoses to and how they give them. The problem at the outset was not categorization but a lack of alliance-building and collaborative care between equal parties.

    “the problem at the outset was not the diagnostic categorization the problem was the lack of general practice in building therapeutic alliance and having collaborative care where both the patient and the physician are equal parties”
    15:50CPTSD vs BPD: How to Think About the Difference and What to Do About ItMar 2026
    Also said in 1 more episode
    “we're all describing the same clinical problems and we're trying to use different language because of poor practice on part of clinicians in terms of who they give diagnoses to and how they give those diagnoses”
    12:51Healthy Personality Traits, Trauma vs. Personality, and Why Trauma Doesn’t Explain It AllOct 2024
  6. Survivors of childhood abuse often accumulate many different diagnoses before the underlying complex post-traumatic syndrome is recognized.

    “Survivors of childhood abuse often accumulate many different diagnoses before the underlying problem of a complex post-traumatic syndrome is recognized”
    9:07CPTSD vs BPD: How to Think About the Difference and What to Do About ItMar 2026
  7. You can have severe personality dysfunction that does not fit neatly into BPD or NPD, and a lot of providers get caught up on that.

    “Like you can have severe personality dysfunction, but not fit neatly into BPD or NPD. So a lot of providers get caught up on that”
    33:37CPTSD vs BPD: How to Think About the Difference and What to Do About ItMar 2026

How we diagnose it

  1. The simple approach: is there PTSD or not? If there is, most of the problems get subsumed under PTSD.

    “my approach is simply is there ptsd or not if there's ptsd that's ptsd to me and we're going to subsume most of those problems under ptsd”
    43:55CPTSD vs BPD: How to Think About the Difference and What to Do About ItMar 2026
  2. In really clear cases of PTSD in people who are not war veterans, almost without exception you see criterion D.

    “if you have, this is from my clinical experience now, sufficient experience with people who are not war veterans with PTSD, then you're going to see that in the really clear cases, almost without exception you are going to see criterion d”
    19:12CPTSD vs BPD: How to Think About the Difference and What to Do About ItMar 2026
  3. Externalizing behaviors (impulsivity, efforts to avoid abandonment, temper outbursts) lean BPD, as do relationships that are super close and intimate and then explode dramatically.

    “externalizing behaviors are more part of BPD. So things like impulsivity, attempts to avoid abandonment, temper outbursts, theoretically those are more BPD type traits”
    41:00CPTSD vs BPD: How to Think About the Difference and What to Do About ItMar 2026
    Also said in 1 more episode
    “what you see in patients with BPD is they have relationships that are super close, super intimate, and then just explode in some dramatic fashion”
    41:29CPTSD vs BPD: How to Think About the Difference and What to Do About ItMar 2026

Treatment approach

  1. Treatments overlap heavily. The main difference is that complex PTSD may call for more trauma-focused therapy, such as EMDR, and BPD for more work on interpersonal functioning and emotion regulation.

    “To me, the only difference is maybe CPTSD should focus more on trauma-focused therapy, so EMDR and trauma-focused therapies. And BPD should focus a lot more on the interpersonal dysfunctioning and the emotional regulation”
    50:51CPTSD vs BPD: How to Think About the Difference and What to Do About ItMar 2026
  2. Trauma disorders respond better to trauma therapy, and developmental interpersonal problems respond better to changing how you conduct your relationships, and with whom.

    “trauma disorders respond better to trauma therapy. And that personality problems or developmental interpersonal problems respond better to changes and exercises in how you conduct your relationships and with who”
    28:37What Patients Should Know When Diagnosed With DepressionSep 2026
  3. Prescribe mindfulness for complex trauma and cluster B personality, but a modified mindfulness, often closer to grounding techniques.

    “for trauma disorders, what you might call complex trauma and cluster B personality, We should be prescribing mindfulness, but it must be a modified mindfulness, and you may need to do things that are basically more grounding techniques”
    25:43Mindfulness in Psychiatry: How to Teach It as a Clinical Treatment SkillMay 2026

Pitfalls and myths

  1. Both labels get caricatured. BPD is not the person's fault and they deserve understanding; people with complex PTSD can be manipulative and are responsible for what they do.

    “BPD isn't the person's fault, and they deserve understanding. And CPTSD people can be manipulative, and they're responsible for what they do”
    7:18CPTSD vs BPD: How to Think About the Difference and What to Do About ItMar 2026
  2. Do not call it complex PTSD just because someone has a bunch of little-t traumas in their history.

    “What I'm not going to do is I'm not going to say that someone has complex PTSD or when they simply have a bunch of little t traumas in their history”
    23:06CPTSD vs BPD: How to Think About the Difference and What to Do About ItMar 2026
  3. Some patients use the label as a defense against looking at their personality dysfunction. The McLean screen and a conversation about traits let you open that conversation earlier.

    “some patients use it as a defense to not look at their personality dysfunction. And I feel like the McLean screen and the conversation about traits allows me to open up that conversation earlier”
    42:56CPTSD vs BPD: How to Think About the Difference and What to Do About ItMar 2026
  4. When patient and provider pretend the treatment is for major depression while both know there is a personality disorder and never say it, bad outcomes follow.

    “the patient and the providers making pretend that treatment is major depressive disorder in the back of their mind know that there's a personality disorder, but don't communicate it. And it's really setting up for bad treatment outcomes”
    25:20The Treatment Frame in Action: Lessons from ‘I Fell in Love with My Psychiatrist’Sep 2025

Talking to patients

  1. Do not care what you call it; give the right treatment. Whatever the patient prefers to call it, call it that.

    “What I say to trainees is, I don't care what you call it. Give the right treatment. And that's my approach. And so whatever a patient prefers to call something, we're going to go ahead and call it that”
    14:52CPTSD vs BPD: How to Think About the Difference and What to Do About ItMar 2026
  2. Worry less about the single label and more about whether you and the patient share an understanding of them and agree on the treatment plan.

    “worry less about what you call something in terms of a single label worry more about your overall understanding of yourself and how your clinician understands you and whether you guys agree on that and whether you agree on the treatment plan”
    49:44CPTSD vs BPD: How to Think About the Difference and What to Do About ItMar 2026
  3. Ask what they understand the diagnosis to mean. You can agree on the label and then hear a very different meaning.

    “I ask, what's your understanding of what this means? Because... It's very interesting that it's very possible you and the patient will be in agreement with a diagnosis, but then you hear what they think that actually means”
    52:24CPTSD vs BPD: How to Think About the Difference and What to Do About ItMar 2026
  4. A commonly recommended book is Complex PTSD: From Surviving to Thriving by Pete Walker, written by someone with complex PTSD.

    “for complex PTSD, the book I very commonly recommend is Complex PTSD from Surviving to Thriving by Pete Walker. It's written by a person who has complex PTSD”
    53:35CPTSD vs BPD: How to Think About the Difference and What to Do About ItMar 2026

It also comes up on

From these episodes

Every point above is something said on the Psychofarm podcast, with the words as spoken and a link to the moment in the episode. It is education, not medical advice, and an episode reflects what we thought when we recorded it.

Educational content only. Everything here is what was said on the Psychofarm podcast, for clinicians. It is not medical advice and not a substitute for clinical judgment, current labeling or guidelines. An episode reflects what we thought when we recorded it, so check anything before you rely on it.