Trauma is over-referenced while PTSD itself is under-identified: everyone is said to have trauma, yet classic PTSD cases sit through antidepressant trial after trial. Holding to the DSM syndrome keeps you tied to something well researched and points to specific treatment. Trauma also cannot explain everything, and lasting change usually means looking at temperament and at how the person contributes, too.
What it is
There is a clinical and legal reason to keep to the DSM model of PTSD: being specific with the criteria ties you to a well-researched, fairly well-constructed and unique syndrome. Not everyone who goes through trauma gets PTSD as the DSM defines it.
“there is a utility and there's a legal Clinical Reality to Preserving and Utilizing the DSM Model for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Being very specific with that criteria is useful because it sort of ties you to a well-researched and fairly well-constructed syndrome”
2:11Trauma and PTSD: How the DSM Criteria Actually Help Us Understand What’s Going OnOct 2026 Also said in 1 more episode
“and there's a legal clinical reality to preserving and utilizing the dsm model for post-traumatic stress disorder Being very specific with that criteria is useful because it sort of ties you to a well-researched and fairly well-constructed syndrome that is unique. And not everyone that undergoes traumas gets PTSD as defined in the DSM”
2:05Understanding Trauma and PTSD, Diagnosis and Dissociation | Episode 21Apr 2025 When most people say big T trauma, they mean DSM criterion A trauma.
“Now, big T trauma, I think that most people, when they refer to that, they're talking about DSM criterion A trauma”
3:40Understanding Trauma and PTSD, Diagnosis and Dissociation | Episode 21Apr 2025 Trauma, both the clear kind and the not-so-clear emotional difficulties, interferes with the development of the self and of relationships, and that is the root of the personality disorders.
“trauma, properly, proper trauma, really clear trauma, and also not so clear traumas, emotional difficulties, clearly interfere with the process of self and relationship development. And that's the root of the personality disorders”
23:51Healthy Personality Traits, Trauma vs. Personality, and Why Trauma Doesn’t Explain It AllOct 2024
How we diagnose it
Most people who experience a criterion A trauma do not develop PTSD. Recognize the PTSD syndrome specifically, then give the psychoeducation and treatment recommendations for it.
“the majority of people who experience a criterion A trauma don't go on to develop PTSD. And then it's really necessary to both... Specifically recognize the PTSD syndrome and then give the psychoeducation and treatment recommendations that you need to get better from that”
53:43Trauma and PTSD: How the DSM Criteria Actually Help Us Understand What’s Going OnOct 2026 When attention problems come from trauma or substances, you hear about a stepwise drop in functioning and attention at an identifiable time.
“similarly, substances and trauma, you would hear about a more stepwise down of functioning and attention at an identifiable time”
16:54How to Decide When ADHD Is Actually ADHDNov 2025
Treatment approach
Psychodynamic work matters more for early-onset traumas, where pure CBT struggles. Narrative exposure therapy seems more intended for people with multiple, generational or complex traumas.
“I would say psychodynamic being more important for early onset traumas. I feel like that's an area where going pure CBT struggles. You know, there's actually a type of psychotherapy that seems to be more intended for people with multi-trauma, generational traumas or complex traumas called narrative exposure therapy”
27:16Understanding Trauma and PTSD, Diagnosis and Dissociation | Episode 21Apr 2025 In a patient who may have bipolar disorder, cognitive processing therapy, written exposure therapy or even EMDR are fine: none is likely to make bipolar worse, and they may help.
“Cognitive processing therapy or written exposure therapy or even EMDR, fine, because none of those is likely to make bipolar worse and may help some”
24:48How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder with Dr. Phelps: Hypomania, Mixed States & the Clues DSM MissesSep 2026Guest episode If past relationships were not safe enough or did not give the person what they needed, the work eventually has to include finding or building new ones, and shared activities are one way to do it.
“if your existing or past relationships were not safe enough or not giving you what you need, then the work has to be done eventually to find new relationships or build new ones. One way to do that is through shared activities”
19:18Beyond Medications: The Best Lifestyle Treatments for Mental HealthFeb 2025
Pitfalls and myths
Trauma is over-referenced (everyone thinks everyone has trauma), but not enough people identify PTSD and give PTSD-specific recommendations. Many patients with classic PTSD carry a depression diagnosis and are on their thirtieth antidepressant trial.
“I saw a lot of PTSD patients or to me, their diagnosis of PTSD who carried the diagnosis of depression. And we're on their 30th trial of a new antidepressant. And, you know, they were substance use disorder and depression. It's like, no, this is a classic PTSD case”
53:15Trauma and PTSD: How the DSM Criteria Actually Help Us Understand What’s Going OnOct 2026 Also said in 1 more episode
“i think that it's over referenced everyone thinks everyone's got trauma and that's clinically relevant but i don't think that enough people are identifying ptsd and giving the treatment recommendations specifically for ptsd”
50:46Understanding Trauma and PTSD, Diagnosis and Dissociation | Episode 21Apr 2025 There is more to life than trauma: there is temperament, who you are when you are born, and non-traumatic but still upsetting things that happened growing up.
“there's more to life than trauma. There's who you are when you're born, your temperament. There's non-traumatic but still upsetting things that happened to you growing up”
17:24Healthy Personality Traits, Trauma vs. Personality, and Why Trauma Doesn’t Explain It AllOct 2024 We do not want blame, but we do want productive change, and change will be limited, mildly or a lot, if we do not look at how the person contributes to what is going on.
“We don't want blame, but we do want productive change, and some productive change will be limited in a mild or significant way if we don't look at how the subject, the individual, contributes to what's going on”
13:55Healthy Personality Traits, Trauma vs. Personality, and Why Trauma Doesn’t Explain It AllOct 2024 Part of trauma's appeal is that the alternative can feel worse: a patient told they need a personality diagnosis may hear that most practitioners will judge them and read everything they do through a hurtful lens.
“You're telling me that to understand myself, I need a diagnosis that 80% of practitioners are going to negatively judge me and interpret my thoughts, behaviors through this pretty hurtful lens”
14:44Healthy Personality Traits, Trauma vs. Personality, and Why Trauma Doesn’t Explain It AllOct 2024
It also comes up on
- PTSDTrauma disorders respond better to trauma therapy. Until upstream trauma or personality problems are addressed, a medication may work for a month or two and then poop out.
- PsychotherapyFor trauma, recommend almost anything that is a named, specific trauma psychotherapy: CPT, trauma-focused CBT, even EMDR.
- ADHDWhen it looks like trauma, pull up the DSM criteria and read them together. TikTok phrases like rejection sensitive dysphoria often match the trauma criteria better than the ADHD ones, and it helps that it is not just you saying so.
- Borderline personality disorderIts causes are biopsychosocial. It is related to trauma, abuse and neglect, but trauma-only theories have become too popular.
- Complex PTSDTrauma disorders respond better to trauma therapy, and developmental interpersonal problems respond better to changing how you conduct your relationships, and with whom.
- Differential diagnosisWhat gets ignored most when the focus is symptomatic treatment: proper trauma disorders (not just a history of trauma) and mood disorders, and the most harmful one to miss is bipolar disorder.
- Medication managementDo not try trauma processing in medication management. It is not appropriate, and you do not want to teach patients to be afraid of their trauma memories.
- PTSDDo not try trauma processing in a medication visit. It is not appropriate, and you do not want to teach patients to be afraid of their trauma memories.
From these episodes
- Trauma and PTSD: How the DSM Criteria Actually Help Us Understand What’s Going OnOct 2026 · 3 points
- How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder with Dr. Phelps: Hypomania, Mixed States & the Clues DSM MissesSep 2026 · 1 point
- How to Decide When ADHD Is Actually ADHDNov 2025 · 1 point
- Understanding Trauma and PTSD, Diagnosis and Dissociation | Episode 21Apr 2025 · 4 points
- Beyond Medications: The Best Lifestyle Treatments for Mental HealthFeb 2025 · 1 point
- Healthy Personality Traits, Trauma vs. Personality, and Why Trauma Doesn’t Explain It AllOct 2024 · 4 points
Every point above is something said on the Psychofarm podcast, with the words as spoken and a link to the moment in the episode. It is education, not medical advice, and an episode reflects what we thought when we recorded it.