What We’ve Said

What we’ve said about Alternative model for personality disorders

16 points from 9 episodes, newest first

Also searched as AMPD, DSM-5 alternative model, Section III personality model, level of personality functioning

In short

We prefer the DSM-5 alternative model to the traditional personality disorder categories: it is APA approved, as valid as the categorical model, and centers on how impaired someone's personality functioning is in self (identity, self-direction) and relationships (empathy, intimacy). Gather history across all four areas, compare against ostensibly normal patients, and diagnose when impairment is clear and lasting. It is less practical for one-off forensic evaluations.

What it is

  1. It is called alternative, not hypothetical: it is an APA-approved DSM system, considered a coexisting and equally valid model alongside the traditional one.

    “it's alternative because it's not hypothetical. It's considered a coexisting and as valid model as the traditional DSM-IV model for personality disorders. This is a DSM system, you know, APA approved”
    5:35Assessment of Personality: Practical Assessment in a Short TimeframeMay 2025
  2. It centers personality pathology on personality functioning, how we relate to ourselves and others. That splits into self-functioning (identity and self-direction) and interpersonal functioning (empathy and intimacy), four elements in all.

    “DSM-5 alternative model, personality functioning is split up into self and interpersonal. And under the self realm, we have identity. And we have self-direction”
    20:25You Can See Everything Psychological Analysis by Clinical & Forensic PsychiatristsOct 2026
    Also said in 3 more episodes
    “Remember, with personality functioning, In the DSM, we have it split into two areas with two sub areas. It's about self-functioning and interpersonal functioning. Now let's start with self-functioning. Self-functioning has two areas, identity and self-direction”
    22:50Assessment of Personality: Practical Assessment in a Short TimeframeMay 2025
    “They break down personality functioning into two major subcategories with four total elements. There's the self-functioning, which is your identity functioning and your self-direction. And then there's interpersonal, which is empathy functioning and intimacy relationships”
    32:54What Psychiatrists Get Wrong About Personality DisordersOct 2024
    “The alternative model centers to pathology of personality around, uh, personality functioning, which is about how we relate to ourselves and others. Interpersonal functioning and self functioning”
    41:46Bipolar Misunderstandings, Integrating Biology & Personality, & Broader ConceptualizationsSep 2024
  3. Self-functioning is how you feel about and relate to yourself, and whether you can make yourself do things or not: self-control, self-regulation, self-appraisal, self-understanding.

    “your self-functioning is how you feel and relate to yourself and how you can make yourself do certain things or not. Self-control, self-regulation, self-appraisal. self understanding”
    22:54Healthy Personality Traits, Trauma vs. Personality, and Why Trauma Doesn’t Explain It AllOct 2024
  4. At level three, severe impairment, with at least two domains impaired, it is clearly a personality disorder.

    “Now, let's go to level three. That's severe impairment. This would be clearly if you have at least two domains impaired personality disorder”
    57:50Assessment of Personality: Practical Assessment in a Short TimeframeMay 2025

How we assess it

  1. Rate each area by its level of impairment, for example: identity functioning at least moderately impaired, self-direction at least moderately impaired.

    “In the DSM-5 alternative model for personality disorder system, I would rate That his identity functioning is at least at a moderate level of impairment. His self-direction is again, at least at a moderate level of impairment”
    The Psychology of Seinfeld: What’s Really Wrong With George, Kramer, Jerry & Elaine?Aug 2026
  2. Self-direction: ask about the longest job they have had, and any gaps in school or work history and why they happened (an injury, a medical condition, not knowing what they wanted to do).

    “I want to know things like, what's the longest job you've had? Were there any gaps in your educational history and into your work history? Why did those gaps happen? Did you get injured? Did you develop some kind of medical condition? Were you unsure of what you wanted to do”
    25:54Assessment of Personality: Practical Assessment in a Short TimeframeMay 2025
  3. Empathy: can they automatically access and describe other people's reactions and motivations, or do they mostly describe others as doing things to them?

    “Do they seem to be able to automatically access and describe the reactions and internal motivations of other people? Or do they mostly conceptualize things outside themselves? Like all these other people are doing things to me”
    34:34Assessment of Personality: Practical Assessment in a Short TimeframeMay 2025
  4. Intimacy: the number and length of relationships, how they met and how they broke up. You may not have time for all of it, but you often get a sense of it along the way.

    “You want to know a number of relationships, duration of relationships, how they met, how they broke up. You don't necessarily have all the time for this, but you can get a sense of it sometimes automatically”
    35:36Assessment of Personality: Practical Assessment in a Short TimeframeMay 2025
  5. Questions from the STIPO-R get you a lot of clinical data on all four elements of personality functioning.

    “using questions from this type of R, in my opinion, gets you a lot of clinical data automatically for all the four elements of personality functioning that you see in the alternative model”
    44:17Assessment of Personality: Practical Assessment in a Short TimeframeMay 2025
  6. Assess these areas in ostensibly normal patients too, those whose personality functioning seems normal on its face, so you have something to compare against.

    “it's very important to assess these things in ostensibly normal patients. What do I mean by ostensibly normal? I mean patients that seem to have relatively normal personality functioning just on the face of it”
    38:13Assessment of Personality: Practical Assessment in a Short TimeframeMay 2025
  7. With enough data you can make the diagnosis: sufficient impairment in personality functioning by this model, present over time, after considering whether the impairments are due to something other than personality.

    “Okay, you get enough data for that, you can make the diagnosis. You can say, I have detected sufficient impairment based on this model in personality functioning. It's present over time. I also assessed and considered for the possibility that these impairments were not due to the personality”
    52:03Assessment of Personality: Practical Assessment in a Short TimeframeMay 2025

Compared with others

  1. The personality disorder categories in the main section of DSM are terrible; the Section III alternative model is very good, and clinicians should get familiar with it.

    “the personality disorder categories as described in DSM are terrible in the primary section, not the alternative model, by the way, section three. The DSM-5 has an alternative model that I think is very good and that people should be really familiarizing themselves with”
    30:08What Psychiatrists Get Wrong About Personality DisordersOct 2024
  2. We prefer borderline personality organization and the alternative model, where we simply think in terms of impaired personality functioning.

    “I prefer Kernberg's borderline personality organization concept and the DSM-5's alternative model for personality disorders in section three, where essentially we just think of impaired personality functioning”
    12:18Treating Borderline Personality Effectively aka How To Be A Good Psychiatrist Through GPMMay 2025
  3. Looking at criterion A and level of personality functioning, we have hardly made a borderline personality disorder diagnosis in two years. Most of the time we point to maladaptive personality traits or problems of personality functioning instead.

    “if we simply look at criterion a and we look at level of personality functioning i don't know if i've made a borderline personality disorder diagnosis in the last two years okay most of the time i just point to maladaptive personality traits or problems of personality functioning”
    34:28CPTSD vs BPD: How to Think About the Difference and What to Do About ItMar 2026
  4. It is a big improvement on the regular categories because it is dimensional. The downside is that it was built on traits.

    “The DSM alternative personality classification is a big improvement on the regular DSM personality categories. But unfortunately, from my perspective, it's dimensional. That's why it's a big improvement. But they tried to do it based on traits”
    43:53Nancy McWilliams on Psychoanalytic Diagnoses, Part 1: Personality, Defenses, Themes, Paranoid PersonalityNov 2024Guest episode

Pitfalls and myths

  1. In forensic work, especially one-off evaluations, the alternative model is not very practical to use, however much we like it.

    “in forensics, as much as I'm a fan of the alternative model, it's not very practical for use, especially for one-off evaluations, yet it's still so important”
    16:09Healthy Personality Traits, Trauma vs. Personality, and Why Trauma Doesn’t Explain It AllOct 2024

It also comes up on

From these episodes

Every point above is something said on the Psychofarm podcast, with the words as spoken and a link to the moment in the episode. It is education, not medical advice, and an episode reflects what we thought when we recorded it.

Educational content only. Everything here is what was said on the Psychofarm podcast, for clinicians. It is not medical advice and not a substitute for clinical judgment, current labeling or guidelines. An episode reflects what we thought when we recorded it, so check anything before you rely on it.