Substance use has to be addressed, not worked around: treating depression on top of it is filling a boat with a hole in it, and drug use is the number one thing that makes people dangerous from a mental health standpoint. Ask about substances in every evaluation, look for periods of clear sobriety before diagnosing, and take a non-moralizing stance.
Why it comes first
Treating depression while the substance use goes on is like trying to fill a boat with a gigantic hole in it.
“it's like a boat with a gigantic hole in it that you're trying to fill”
24:46What Patients Should Know When Diagnosed With DepressionSep 2026 Using chemicals in place of a psychological defense, to rescue yourself from something or push yourself to some limit, is a downward spiral.
“If you use a chemical defense, essentially, like in place of a psychological defense, you use exogenous chemicals in a manner where you're trying to rescue yourself from something or push yourself to some limit, that's a downward spiral”
11:28You Tell Me | Adderall for All?, Surgeons Gone Shrink, Codependency isn't NeurobiologicalJul 2025
How we diagnose it
In every patient, consider substances, herbs, supplements, natural remedies, energy drinks, caffeine, medical conditions and other psychiatric conditions.
“please consider what kind of substances, herbs, supplements, natural remedies, energy drinks, caffeine, medical conditions, other psychiatric conditions. Like I mentioned, the eating disorders, if you're not eating correctly, you're not going to be able to function correctly”
46:07ADHD Is Not the Only Diagnosis: Differential and Diagnostic HierarchyNov 2025 In a bipolar evaluation, start with substances, then sleep: decreased sleep with preserved or increased activity.
“So substances and then sleep. You figure out your whole life. Has there ever been a time where you weren't not yourself, et cetera, et cetera. Sleep disruption, decreased sleep with preserved or increased activity”
9:37The Best Bipolar Medication Review From The Best Bipolar ExpertJan 2025 With a heavy user, you cannot assume they have bipolar disorder or that they do not. Nail down periods when they were clearly sober from substances that could trigger bipolar-type episodes.
“you can't just assume that person doesn't have bipolar disorder, but you also can't assume that they do. So you'll have to really try to nail down periods where they were clearly sober from problematic substances that could likely trigger bipolar type disorder episodes”
13:27How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder: The Interview Framework That Beats Screening QuestionsFeb 2026 Substances and trauma tend to show a stepwise drop in functioning and attention at an identifiable time, which helps separate them from ADHD.
“similarly, substances and trauma, you would hear about a more stepwise down of functioning and attention at an identifiable time”
16:54How to Decide When ADHD Is Actually ADHDNov 2025
Personality
Most people do not use a lot of drugs regularly from a young age, and that pattern often points to problems regulating emotional experience.
“it is unfortunately the case that, at least up until recently, Most people don't use a lot of drugs regularly from a younger age, and I would actually say that that behavior is often indicated of problems with regulation of emotional experience”
29:26Assessment of Personality: Practical Assessment in a Short TimeframeMay 2025 A persistent substance use disorder with a total absence of personality pathology is rare. People with good self-direction and emotional regulation find more productive ways to cope.
“It's very hard to have that maintained in a person and have total absence of personality pathology because in a way it's just wrapped up. People who have good self-direction and emotional regulation, they find other ways of coping that are a little bit more productive”
31:28Assessment of Personality: Practical Assessment in a Short TimeframeMay 2025
Risk and safety
Drug use is the number one thing that makes people dangerous from a mental health standpoint. Before discharging, ask whether the person has really had enough time sober to reflect on what happened and what treatment they need.
“What makes people dangerous from a mental health standpoint? The number one thing is drug use. And I don't care if he's not interested in rehab. Do I really know that he's had enough time sober to actually reflect on what has happened to him and what the appropriate treatment is”
27:35Involuntary Treatment & Agency, Thoughts and Feelings | Episode 19Mar 2025 The main risk factors for interpersonal violence are substance use and what can be called the criminal personality.
“What are the main risk factors for interpersonal violence? It's substance use and what I like to generally refer to as the criminal personality”
31:53Lindsay Clancy Case: Biggest Misconceptions After the Mistrial Explained by a Forensic PsychiatristSep 2026
Treatment
Mindfulness is a huge part of substance use treatment, as in many AA programs. It is an antidote: a way to be in the present moment without the suffering that requires a numbing agent.
“Especially you see in a lot of the AA programs, mindfulness is a huge part of treatment for substance use disorder”
28:02Mindfulness in Psychiatry: How to Teach It as a Clinical Treatment SkillMay 2026 Also said in 1 more episode
“Mindfulness is an antidote to being able to be in the present moment without the suffering that requires a numbing agent”
28:46Mindfulness in Psychiatry: How to Teach It as a Clinical Treatment SkillMay 2026 Expect things to get worse before they get better. Without the old coping skill, the person has to face everything it covered, and it takes a period of destabilization to rebuild something new.
“oftentimes in therapy or change, there's things get worse before they get better. Because there's a period where now you don't have your coping skill and you You have to face all those things. And it takes a period of destabilization to rebuild something new”
42:13Psychiatric Technique for Diagnostic Interviewing and Therapy: 6 Mantras Every Clinician Should KnowApr 2026 If someone's past relationships are all with people who habitually use, going back to them carries a huge risk.
“If your past relationships are all with people who habitually use substances, there is a huge risk in engaging in that kind of relationship again, unfortunately”
26:27Beyond Medications: The Best Lifestyle Treatments for Mental HealthFeb 2025
Talking to patients
Take a non-authoritative stance. You are not wagging a finger or making it a moral issue: they are saying they have a problem, and you can see the problem.
“I try to take a non... authoritative stance and that like, I'm not wagging my finger and saying this is, I don't have a moral problem with you going and doing these things. But you're saying you have a problem and I can see the problem”
48:46ADHD Is Not the Only Diagnosis: Differential and Diagnostic HierarchyNov 2025
It also comes up on
- BenzodiazepinesThey have a role in acute decompensation in a patient whose addiction risk does not worry you, for example a one-week prescription to get through a crisis that is partly depression.
- BenzodiazepinesBefore starting one, spell it out: a controlled substance that causes addiction, withdrawal, executive function and memory problems and sedation, and probably slows progress in psychotherapy. And if you change doctors, the next one may not continue it.
- Bipolar disorderA lot of substance use disorder in the family points a little more toward bipolarity.
- Informed consentBefore a benzodiazepine, say it plainly: this is a controlled substance that causes addiction, withdrawal, executive function and memory problems and sedation, it probably slows progress in psychotherapy, and the next doctor may not continue it.
- ADHDCriteria: symptoms before age 12, present in two or more settings, reducing functioning, and not better explained by a mood, anxiety, dissociative, personality or substance use disorder. DSM-5 lowered the adult symptom count from six to five and moved the onset age from seven to 12. In adults, hyperactivity often turns into restlessness, fidgeting and an inability to relax.
- DSM-5While gathering the narrative, use the major DSM chapters as your differential (psychosis, bipolar, depression, anxiety, OCD, trauma, dissociative, somatic, eating, sleep, sexual, impulse control, addiction and so on). Do not drill down to a specific diagnosis within a chapter yet.
- Diagnostic hierarchyRanked by validity, the organic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease come first. Beyond them come schizophrenia, manic-depressive illness (not necessarily the same as bipolar disorder), severe recurrent unipolar depression (melancholia), chronic low-grade depression that seems part of the patient's personality, OCD, classic autism (a bit different from autism spectrum disorder) and addiction. There is some question whether PTSD is as valid as something like schizophrenia.
- Differential diagnosisRun through the categories: psychosis, bipolar, depression, anxiety, OCD, trauma, dissociative disorders, somatic disorders, eating disorders, sleep problems, sexual problems, impulse control and addiction.
From these episodes
- What Patients Should Know When Diagnosed With DepressionSep 2026 · 1 point
- Lindsay Clancy Case: Biggest Misconceptions After the Mistrial Explained by a Forensic PsychiatristSep 2026 · 1 point
- Mindfulness in Psychiatry: How to Teach It as a Clinical Treatment SkillMay 2026 · 2 points
- Psychiatric Technique for Diagnostic Interviewing and Therapy: 6 Mantras Every Clinician Should KnowApr 2026 · 1 point
- How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder: The Interview Framework That Beats Screening QuestionsFeb 2026 · 1 point
- How to Decide When ADHD Is Actually ADHDNov 2025 · 1 point
- ADHD Is Not the Only Diagnosis: Differential and Diagnostic HierarchyNov 2025 · 2 points
- You Tell Me | Adderall for All?, Surgeons Gone Shrink, Codependency isn't NeurobiologicalJul 2025 · 1 point
- Assessment of Personality: Practical Assessment in a Short TimeframeMay 2025 · 2 points
- Involuntary Treatment & Agency, Thoughts and Feelings | Episode 19Mar 2025 · 1 point
- Beyond Medications: The Best Lifestyle Treatments for Mental HealthFeb 2025 · 1 point
- The Best Bipolar Medication Review From The Best Bipolar ExpertJan 2025 · 1 point
Every point above is something said on the Psychofarm podcast, with the words as spoken and a link to the moment in the episode. It is education, not medical advice, and an episode reflects what we thought when we recorded it.