What We’ve Said

What we’ve said about Generalized anxiety disorder

32 points from 9 episodes, newest first

Also searched as GAD

In short

GAD as commonly diagnosed is too loose: a lot of anxiety is not GAD, and a more plausible cause should be ruled out first. True GAD is lifelong trait neuroticism; teach mindfulness, use psychotherapy, and treat medications (SSRIs first, buspirone underrated, benzodiazepines and bupropion poor fits) as help to grow rather than the solution.

How we diagnose it

  1. Look for another, more plausible cause of the anxiety first. If that is the cause, that is the diagnosis, not GAD.

    “I look for another cause of anxiety first that is more plausible. And if that's the cause, that's the diagnosis, not the GAD”
    35:17Understanding Anxiety, GAD, and Treatments of AnxietyJun 2025
  2. Only make the diagnosis if you can identify a longer life course of anxiety: strong and severe neuroticism.

    “I think that for GAD, we should only be making that diagnosis if we can identify a longer life course of anxiety. strong and severe neuroticism”
    24:51Understanding Anxiety, GAD, and Treatments of AnxietyJun 2025
  3. True GAD is most similar to recurrent, non-manic major depression, and fundamentally to the construct of trait neuroticism.

    “It's related to MDD recurrent, non-manic depressive. Okay, so those are probably the more similar ones. And what is that really fundamentally most similar to? What construct, in my opinion? Trait neuroticism”
    26:27Understanding Anxiety, GAD, and Treatments of AnxietyJun 2025
  4. The criteria are so loose that almost anyone can fit, and the diagnosis gets applied way too broadly to anyone with a lot of anxiety. That is a problem with the DSM, not the person.

    “the generalized anxiety disorder diagnosis is so loose in its criteria that almost anyone can fit into it. It's really a problem with the DSM rather than an issue with George, the character”
    The Psychology of Seinfeld: What’s Really Wrong With George, Kramer, Jerry & Elaine?Aug 2026
    Also said in 1 more episode
    “generalized anxiety disorder, which is a pretty problematic diagnosis, if you ask me, and one that gets applied way too broadly to anyone that has a lot of anxiety”
    22:23Understanding Anxiety, GAD, and Treatments of AnxietyJun 2025
  5. GAD is a terrible diagnosis the way the community uses it, but there is something real there. It is its own disorder in a sense, and tighter criteria would capture a smaller proportion of the population.

    “I'm in the camp that GED is a terrible diagnosis, at least the way The Community Act. Acts with it. It's a very poor diagnosis. But I think there's some. Something real there”
    4:21Anxiety Medications Tier List: The Best and Worst Treatments for GADJul 2026
    Also said in 1 more episode
    “I do think that GAD is its own disorder in a sense, but that the criteria is too loose and that too many people are being diagnosed with it when we should probably tighten up the criteria and capture a smaller proportion of the population”
    1:59Psychiatrist's Guide to Anxiety Medications: First Line to Last ResortJun 2025

What it gets confused with

  1. A generally high degree of anxiety does not mean generalized anxiety disorder.

    “They say, if this patient has a generally high degree of anxiety, they have generalized anxiety disorder. Not true, folks, not true”
    25:39Understanding Anxiety, GAD, and Treatments of AnxietyJun 2025
  2. Anxiety is a non-specific state that every human being has and that almost every mental condition can produce.

    “anxiety is a non -specific. Non-specific state that every human being has and almost every single mental condition can produce or not produce”
    21:20Anxiety Medications Tier List: The Best and Worst Treatments for GADJul 2026
  3. GAD looks like an exaggeration of normal neurotic tendencies seen across almost the whole population. OCD is an exaggeration of a specific, isolated mental phenomenon that becomes extremely impairing.

    “a GAD, an anxiety disorder that seems more primary, seems to just be an exaggeration of normal neurotic tendencies that you can see across almost all the population. And obsessionality that turns into OCD is sort of an exaggeration of a mental symptom or a phenomenon that in an isolated and specific way becomes extremely impairing”
    10:45What Is OCD? How to Understand It, Recognize It, and Treat ItJul 2025
  4. Major depression plus GAD with an anxious state is one of the combinations that can be mistaken for mixed depression.

    “major depression plus PTSD with an agitated state, major depression plus generalized anxiety disorder with an anxious state, major depression with attention deficit disorder with irritable phases, major depression with borderline personality disorder with phases of variety of symptoms”
    35:29How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder with Dr. Phelps: Hypomania, Mixed States & the Clues DSM MissesSep 2026Guest episode
  5. With bipolar disorder and apparent comorbidities, stop the cycling first, then see what is left over.

    “stop the cycling first, primary target, and then you can see what's left over after that. Because in my experience, what looked like ADHD, well, it doesn't always go away, but it may diminish to the point where it doesn't need a further intervention”
    31:22Dr. Jim Phelps’ Bipolar Treatment Tier List: Lessons from 30+ Years in PsychiatryJul 2026Guest episode
  6. A patient who says "I have anxiety" could be blatantly manic. Treating the stated complaint without your own assessment, and without the patient knowing your diagnosis, is irresponsible.

    “a patient will come and say, I have anxiety. They could be blatantly manic and it's like, oh, their problem is anxiety. To me, it's irresponsible To me, it's It's irresponsible to be treating someone without them knowing your diagnosis”
    20:30Anxiety Medications Tier List: The Best and Worst Treatments for GADJul 2026

Treatment approach

  1. Mindfulness gets a grade A for GAD; teaching it is almost a requirement. It is an actual treatment if done right, and there are many ways to do it wrong, which is why a professional guide often helps.

    “This is an actual treatment. If you do this right, and don't get me wrong, there are a lot of ways to do this wrong, which is why often it helps to have a professional guide you through it”
    7:50Anxiety Medications Tier List: The Best and Worst Treatments for GADJul 2026
    Also said in 1 more episode
    “generalized anxiety disorder, I give it grade A in regards to recommendation for mindfulness. I think this is almost like a requirement for teaching for patients with generalized anxiety disorder”
    22:54Mindfulness in Psychiatry: How to Teach It as a Clinical Treatment SkillMay 2026
  2. Start with the motivational piece. There is usually some resistance, a subconscious belief that the anxiety is serving a purpose and protecting them.

    “Usually, there's some sort of resistance and that their anxiety is serving some sort of purpose, like a subconscious belief that their anxiety is protecting them in some way”
    35:36Understanding Anxiety, GAD, and Treatments of AnxietyJun 2025
  3. Medications do not solve your problems; they make it easier to grow and change. That holds even if you use them first line in a GAD phenotype.

    “the medications don't solve your problems to make it easier for you to grow and change. And so even if you're going to use medications as a first-line treatment in a GAD phenotype”
    37:48Understanding Anxiety, GAD, and Treatments of AnxietyJun 2025
  4. One view sees GAD like OCD: a biological cause where the psychological solution is better, with SSRIs (including high doses) or second- and third-line agents alongside.

    “I see it kind of like OCD where it's a biological cause, but that the psychological solution is better. I'm more likely to use SSRIs, or second, third line agents for anxiety, high doses of SSRIs”
    36:21Understanding Anxiety, GAD, and Treatments of AnxietyJun 2025
  5. Support sleep. Patients cannot engage with the psychological and behavioral changes that treat an anxiety disorder if they are not sleeping right.

    “I don't think they're going to be able to engage appropriately with the psychological and behavioral changes in their lives to treat that anxiety disorder if they're just not sleeping right”
    23:54Insomnia and Sleep Medications in PsychiatryDec 2024
  6. Self-help books are useful. The Happiness Trap is acceptance and commitment therapy, a lighter, easier, breezier form of CBT.

    “The Happiness Trap is a little bit lighter. It's acceptance and commitment therapy, which to me is like a lighter, easier, breezier form of CBT”
    11:51Anxiety Medications Tier List: The Best and Worst Treatments for GADJul 2026

Medications

  1. Sertraline has few interactions, many titration steps, and it works.

    “It has few interactions. It is many There's many those types. Titrations and it works. And guess what? If you have OCD, you can even take it above 200 milligrams, but do so with caution”
    12:29Anxiety Medications Tier List: The Best and Worst Treatments for GADJul 2026
  2. A basic start: sertraline 25 mg for a week, then 50 mg, stay there for a month, then judge the effect.

    “I'll start at 25 milligrams for a week and then move up to 50, stay there for a month, and then negotiate an effect. I usually will prescribe 30 of the 50 milligrams and say break the first four and a half”
    12:35Psychiatrist's Guide to Anxiety Medications: First Line to Last ResortJun 2025
  3. Buspirone does not seem to cause agitation in people with bipolar disorders and is clinically effective for irritability. It works better at the higher dose range.

    “it doesn't cause agitation, as far as we can tell, Um, in people with bipolar. Bipolar disorders. It's effective for irritability, clinically speaking, in my experience”
    30:18Anxiety Medications Tier List: The Best and Worst Treatments for GADJul 2026
    Also said in 1 more episode
    “I've started using Buspar more since we've been talking and have liked it and seen it be more effective at the higher dose range”
    17:27Psychiatrist's Guide to Anxiety Medications: First Line to Last ResortJun 2025
  4. Fluoxetine is great for the start-and-stop patient because it is long acting: they can take it a few times a week, whenever they remember (not as a PRN).

    “if they are a start and stop type of patient, then fluoxetine is great because it's long-acting. Right? They They can kind of get used to it, take it a few times a week, not as a PRN again, but just whenever they can remember”
    24:41Anxiety Medications Tier List: The Best and Worst Treatments for GADJul 2026
  5. Mirtazapine is a good choice for someone who could use some weight, or does not mind it, and has sleep problems.

    “If you need someone that wants to gain weight or could use some weight or doesn't mind some weight gain and they have some sleep problems, mirtazapine, it's a good choice”
    42:24Anxiety Medications Tier List: The Best and Worst Treatments for GADJul 2026
  6. Reach for duloxetine with comorbid pain or fibromyalgia.

    “I'll reach for duloxetine for comorbid pain or patients with fibromyalgia. Those are the patients that I find myself reaching for it”
    27:34Anxiety Medications Tier List: The Best and Worst Treatments for GADJul 2026
  7. Hydroxyzine is reasonable with lots of allergies, itching or sleep problems in someone not sensitive to antihistamines, but it is just not terribly good.

    “if someone's got a lot of allergies, if they're not sensitive to antihistamines, if they've got sleep problems, they have itching, go ahead, reach for the hydroxyzine. But to me, it's just not terribly good”
    48:07Anxiety Medications Tier List: The Best and Worst Treatments for GADJul 2026
  8. Gabapentin studies needed much higher doses to show an effect on anxiety than the 100 or 300 mg you see people on all the time.

    “studies needed much higher doses than what I see it be used at to show an effect on anxiety. I feel like all the time you see people on 100 milligrams, 300 milligrams of Gabapack”
    54:29Anxiety Medications Tier List: The Best and Worst Treatments for GADJul 2026
  9. Most of what you want from low-dose quetiapine in a non-psychotic disorder can be had with mirtazapine, gabapentin, buspirone or hydroxyzine.

    “I achieve most. Most of what you want from low-dose quetiapine, Especially in a non - non-psychotic disorder, by using mirtazapine, Gabby Hinton. Gabapentin, Buspirone. Buspirone, Hydroxyzine, anything else”
    43:56Anxiety Medications Tier List: The Best and Worst Treatments for GADJul 2026
  10. Vortioxetine was studied for GAD and did not perform well, so it goes in C to F tier.

    “Think they tried to run studies for GAD and it did not perform well. So I'm going to put it in CF tier”
    28:43Anxiety Medications Tier List: The Best and Worst Treatments for GADJul 2026

Refractory anxiety

  1. The traditional algorithm goes SSRI, then SNRI, then gabapentin and pregabalin, then a tricyclic.

    “The traditional algorithm goes SSRI SSRI and SNR. SNRI, and then you try your gabapentin and Lyrica, and then you try your TCA”
    1:00:20Anxiety Medications Tier List: The Best and Worst Treatments for GADJul 2026
  2. At the end of your list for primary anxiety, when you have re-diagnosed, the patient is in true therapy and doing mindfulness practice and you are not getting anywhere, do not be afraid to use pregabalin.

    “if you're getting to the end of your list for the treatment of primary anxiety, you've done the re-diagnosis, they're in true therapy, they're doing mindfulness practice, and you're not really getting anywhere, Don't be afraid to do pregabalin”
    55:53Anxiety Medications Tier List: The Best and Worst Treatments for GADJul 2026
  3. If you are past the S through B tier options, you need more re-diagnosis and more work on formulation and lifestyle changes.

    “S through B tier stuff, You really need it. Doing more re-diagnosis And, uh, work. Working on formulation and lifestyle changes, et cetera, et cetera”
    1:01:01Anxiety Medications Tier List: The Best and Worst Treatments for GADJul 2026

Pitfalls and myths

  1. 99% of the time, a benzodiazepine, a Z-drug or alcohol is not truly treating the anxiety disorder, and they are all about the same in that use.

    “99% of the time you're They're not really true. Treating the anxiety disorder when you use a benzodiazepine, a Z drug, or alcohol. Frankly, all about the same in terms of their use with different levels of tolerability for different people”
    15:06Anxiety Medications Tier List: The Best and Worst Treatments for GADJul 2026
  2. Bupropion helps anxiety that is part of a depression and is great for depression with anxious features, but it does not help anxiety on its own and, in one view, worsens GAD long term. Avoid it when anxiety is the predominant problem.

    “Bupropion, in my opinion, worsens generalized anxiety disorder long term. It helps anxiety if the anxiety is This is a part of the depression. Depression. It doesn't help anxiety on its own, in my opinion”
    34:04Anxiety Medications Tier List: The Best and Worst Treatments for GADJul 2026
    Also said in 1 more episode
    “I do try to tend to avoid it if anxiety is the predominant problem. If it's depression with anxious features, I think it's great”
    38:58Psychiatrist's Guide to Anxiety Medications: First Line to Last ResortJun 2025

It also comes up on

From these episodes

Every point above is something said on the Psychofarm podcast, with the words as spoken and a link to the moment in the episode. It is education, not medical advice, and an episode reflects what we thought when we recorded it.

Educational content only. Everything here is what was said on the Psychofarm podcast, for clinicians. It is not medical advice and not a substitute for clinical judgment, current labeling or guidelines. An episode reflects what we thought when we recorded it, so check anything before you rely on it.